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WHOTechnicalReportSeries 1056 Evaluationof certainfoodadditives Ninety-ninthreportoftheJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)wasestablishedin1948asaspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNationsservingasthedirectingandcoordinatingauthorityforinternationalhealthmattersandpublichealth.OneofWHO’sconstitutionalfunctionsistoprovideobjectiveandreliableinformationandadviceinthefieldofhumanhealth,aresponsibilitythatitfulfilsinpartthroughitsextensiveprogrammeofpublications.TheOrganizationseeksthroughitspublicationstosupportnationalhealthstrategiesandaddressthemostpressingpublichealthconcernsofpopulationsaroundtheworld.TorespondtotheneedsofMemberStatesatalllevelsofdevelopment,WHOpublishespracticalmanuals,handbooksandtrainingmaterialforspecificcategoriesofhealthworkers;internationallyapplicableguidelinesandstandards;reviewsandanalysesofhealthpolicies,programmesandresearch;andstate-of-the-artconsensusreportsthatoffertechnicaladviceandrecommendationsfordecision-makers.ThesebooksarecloselytiedtotheOrganization’spriorityactivities,encompassingdiseasepreventionandcontrol,thedevelopmentofequitablehealthsystemsbasedonprimaryhealthcare,andhealthpromotionforindividualsandcommunities.ProgresstowardsbetterhealthforallalsodemandstheglobaldisseminationandexchangeofinformationthatdrawsontheknowledgeandexperienceofallWHOMemberStatesandthecollaborationofworldleadersinpublichealthandthebiomedicalsciences.Toensurethewidestpossibleavailabilityofauthoritativeinformationandguidanceonhealthmatters,WHOsecuresthebroadinternationaldistributionofitspublicationsandencouragestheirtranslationandadaptation.Byhelpingtopromoteandprotecthealthandpreventandcontroldiseasethroughouttheworld,WHO’sbookscontributetoachievingtheOrganization’sprincipalobjective–theattainmentbyallpeopleofthehighestpossiblelevelofhealth. TheWHOTechnicalReportSeriesmakesavailablethefindingsofvariousinternationalgroupsofexpertsthatprovideWHOwiththelatestscientificandtechnicaladviceonabroadrangeofmedicalandpublichealthsubjects.Membersofsuchexpertgroupsservewithoutremunerationintheirpersonalcapacitiesratherthanasrepresentativesofgovernmentsorotherbodies;theirviewsdonotnecessarilyreflectthedecisionsorthestatedpolicyofWHO. TopurchaseWHOpublications,pleasecontact:WHOPress,WorldHealthOrganization,20AvenueAppia,1211Geneva27,Switzerland;email:bookorders@who.int;orderonline:http://apps.who.int/bookorders. WHOTechnicalReportSeries1056 Evaluationof certainfoodadditives Ninety-ninthreportoftheJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives ThisreportcontainsthecollectiveviewsofaninternationalgroupofexpertsanddoesnotnecessarilyrepresentthedecisionsorthestatedpolicyoftheWorldHealthOrganization Evaluationofcertainfoodadditives:ninety-ninthreportoftheJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives (WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.1056) ISBN(WHO)978-92-4-010015-2(electronicversion)ISBN(WHO)978-92-4-010016-9(printversion)ISBN(FAO)978-92-5-139071-9 ISSN0512-3054 ©WorldHealthOrganizationandFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,2024 Somerightsreserved.ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/). Underthetermsofthislicence,youmaycopy,redistributeandadapttheworkfornon-commercialpurposes,providedtheworkisappropriatelycited,asindicatedbelow.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthattheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)ortheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)endorseanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheWHOorFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Ifyouadaptthework,thenyoumustlicenseyourworkunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,youshouldaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththesuggestedcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)ortheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).WHOandFAOarenotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.TheoriginalEnglisheditionshallbethebindingandauthenticedition”. AnymediationrelatingtodisputesarisingunderthelicenceshallbeconductedinaccordancewiththemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganizationhttp://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules. Suggestedcitation.Evaluationofcertainfoodadditives:ninety-ninthreportoftheJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganizationandFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations;2024(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.1056).Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication(CIP)data.CIPdataareavailableathttps://iris.who.int/. Sales,rightsandlicensing.TopurchaseWHOpublications,seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.Tosubmitrequestsforcommercialuseandqueriesonrightsandlicensing,seehttps://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright. Third-partymaterials.Ifyouwishtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightholde