巴西劳动力市场基于性取向、性别认同和表达以及性别特征的排斥经济成本

2026 The Economic Cost of ExclusionBased on Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity and Expression,and Sex Characteristics in theLabor Market in Brazil2026 Table of Contents Abbreviations4Acknowledgements7Executive Summary101.Introduction122.LGBTI+ Exclusion in the Federative Republic of Brazil163.Methodology204.Demographics245.Experiences of Workplace Discrimination and Exclusion among LGBTI+ People276.The Economic and Fiscal Cost of SOGIESC-Based Exclusion357.Conclusion478.Recommendations49Annex 1.Demographics54Annex 2.61Annex 3.69Annex 4.Varying the Assumed Size of the LGBTI+ Population94 Figures Figure 1 |Frequency of Adverse Workplace Experiences by LGBTI+ Subgroup29Figure 2 |Employment, Unemployment, and Inactivity by LGBTI+ Subgroup and Level ofWorkplace Discrimination31Figure 3 |Workplace Discrimination Levels Across Sociodemographic Characteristics34 Tables Table 1 |Sociodemographicsof theUnweighted LGBTI+ Sample and theBrazilian Population25Table 2 |Labor-Market Indicatorsand Gaps39Table 3 |Median Gross Annual Incomesand Labor Activity for the General Populationand the LGBTI Sample by Levels ofDiscrimination41Table 4 |Annual Economic Losses42Table 5 |Annual Economic Losses by Sex 43Table 6 |Economic Loss Estimates Relatedto LGBTI+ Workplace Discrimination andExclusion; Brazil, 202545Table 7 |Fiscal Losses per Year46Table 8 |Fiscal Losses by Sex46Table A.1 |Sexual Orientation Distribution -ECOE Brazil Sample55Table A.2 |Gender Identity Distribution -ECOE Brazil Sample56Table A.3 |Territory Distribution: ECOEBrazil Sample vsNational Population56Table A.4 |Age Distribution: ECOE BrazilSample vsNational Population58Table A.5 |Race/Color Distribution: ECOEBrazil Sample vsNational Population58Table A.6 |Place of residenceDistribution: ECOE Brazil Sample vsNational Population58 Table A.7 |Traditional peoples orcommunities Distribution: ECOE BrazilSample vsNational Population59Table A.8 |Distribution by educationalattainment: ECOE Brazil Sample vsNational Population59Table A.9 |Unweighted and WeightedLGBTI+ Sample Compared to the GeneralPopulation60Table A.10 |LGBTI+ Prevalence by Genderand Age (Gallup Pattern, %)65Table A.11 |Estimated LGBTI+ Populationby Gender (Ages 18–60, Millions)65Table A.12 |Adjusted for the Gallupdistribution and 93 percent prevalence66Table A.13 |Economic Losses by Gender(R$ billions per year)67Table A.14 |Economic Losses by Gender,Normalized (Total Fixed at R$ 946 bn)67Table A.15 |Fiscal Impacts by Gender(R$ millions per year)68Table A.16 |Indicators and Gaps by Sexand Race (93% prevalence)68Table B |Annual Economic Losses byScenario (R$ billions per year)86Table C |Fiscal Losses by Scenario (R$ billions per year)87 Abbreviations Some rights reserved This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do notnecessarily reflect the views ofthe Executive Directors ofThe World Bank or the governments theyrepresent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work anddoes not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respectto the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forthThe boundaries, colors,denominations, links/footnotesand other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of TheWorld Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundariesThecitation of works authored by others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors orthe content of their works Nothinghereinshall constituteor be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyrightBecause The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge,this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposesas long asfull attribution to thiswork is given Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank2026,The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on SexualOrientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in Brazil© World Bank” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, TheWorld Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; email:pubrights@worldbankorg Cover photo: © 2023 Krakenimagescom/Shutterstock Sample credit for a non-WB image: © Ami Vitale /PanosPicturesUsed with the permission of Ami Vitale /PanosPicturesFurther permissionrequiredfor reuse Sample credit for a WB image: © CurtCarnemark/ World BankFurther permissionrequiredfor reuse Cover design: Rec Design Acknowledgements The research toEstimate the Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on SexualOrientation, Gender Identit