2025知识密集型商业服务、数字服务与女性参与国际服务贸易壁垒研究报告

APECGroup on Services July2025 Knowledge Intensive BusinessServices (KIBS), Digital Services (DS)and Barriers Faced by Women inInternational Trade in Services APECGroup on Services July2025 APEC Project:GOS 02 2022 Produced byGabriel Kattan Abusleme ForAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat35 Heng Mui Keng TerraceSingapore 119616Tel: (65) 68919 600Fax: (65) 68919 690Email:info@apec.orgWebsite:www.apec.org ©2025APECSecretariat APEC#225-CT-01.13 TABLE OF CONTENTS I.Introduction 3 II.Regulatory barriers and statistics on trade in the KIBS and DS sectorsA.Trade and regulatory barriers 5B.Trade trends15 III.Regulatory Barriers faced by Women in the KIBS and DS sectors18A.General Information and Participation of Women in the Company18 B.Challenges Related to Access to Markets or International Trade Opportunities forWomen in KIBS19C.Public Policies22D.Findings23 IV.Conclusions and recommendations24 Annex I. Methodology 27 Annex II. DTRI Score and Ranking by APEC Economies31 Annex III. Trade Statistics32A.APEC and World DS Total Trade, 2019-202332 B.APEC DS Total Trade, by economy, 2019–2023.33C.APEC DS Total Trade, by sector, 2019–2023.34D.APEC DS Exports, by sector and economy, 2019–2023.35E.APEC DS Imports, by sector and economy, 2019–2023.36 Annex IV. Questionnaire 37 Annex V. Results of the Questionnaire 51 List of abbreviations 73 I.Introduction In recent years, public opinion has increasingly focused on the future direction ofinternational trade.Agrowing emphasis on fostering inclusive economic growthisa keycomponent of broad trade liberalization initiatives. This approach is justified not only bymoral considerations, such as “doing the right thing”, but also by recognizing that inclusiveapproaches can yield positive economic benefits for both the economy and businesses. Despite extensive discussions and analyses on the expected results of inclusive growth,globalization, and digitization, the gender aspect of inclusivity has yet to reach its fullpotential. Organizations such as APEC, the International Trade Centre, and initiativescarried out under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)have made remarkable efforts to promoteinclusive trade1focused on closing the gendergap.The World Trade Organization's(WTO)Declaration on Trade and Women'sEconomic Empowerment in December 2017, along with provisions in someRegionalTrade Agreements (RTAs)has prioritized this issue on the trade agenda.However,despite this policy priority, the lack of data makes it unclear to what extent these initiativeshave been effective in increasing the participation of women in trade in digital services.Additionally, it remains uncertain which approaches would be most effective in tailoringtrade agreements to produce tangible results for women. Digitization,new technologies,and increased connectivity are redefining trade inservices, fostering the cross-border supply of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services(KIBS) and Digital Services (DS). These are crucial enablers of global value chains,enhancing the traceability of services and promoting the participation of women in moreinclusive trade. This report aims to identify the barriers women and women-owned businesses face whenparticipating in trade in KIBS and DS within the APEC region. The analysis specificallyfocuses on trade and regulatory measures that may impede or adversely affect theparticipation of women and women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)in supplying these services. The report comprises three chapters. Chapter One presents a statistical analysis ofinternational trade in KIBS and DS, with a focus on the role and participation of APECeconomies. It also provides background information on trade restrictions and regulatorybarriers KIBS and DSfacein the APEC region,identifyingbarriers women face whensuch data is available. Chapter Two analyzes the responses to 33 questions from 86 questionnaires completedby participants from APEC economies. The questionnaire aimed to identify possiblerestrictions and regulatory barriers that are gender-based and how they may affect theparticipation of women in trade in KIBS and DS. Chapter Three summarizes the main arguments and findings from the research andprovides specific recommendations for promoting better integration of women in trade in the KIBS and DS sectors. These recommendations include potential policy changes,suggestions on further research that could be undertaken, and specific next steps toaddress the findings. Additionally, specific recommendations are provided to help APECeconomies improve women's participation in trade in these sectors. II.Regulatory barriers and statistics on tradeintheKIBS and DS sectors A.Trade and regulatory barriers During the COVID-19 pandemic, many women-led SMEs emerged, particularly in KIBSand DS, as technology enabled businesses to continue operating despite confinementmeasures.Nonetheless,DS presents unique challenges,