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灾害和危机对农业和粮食安全的影响报告(2021)英

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灾害和危机对农业和粮食安全的影响报告(2021)英

2021 Theimpactofdisastersandcrisesonagricultureandfoodsecurity 2021 Theimpactofdisastersandcrisesonagricultureandfoodsecurity FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRome,2021 Requiredcitation: FAO.2021.Theimpactofdisastersandcrisesonagricultureandfoodsecurity:2021. Rome.https://doi.org/10.4060/cb3673en ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. Dashedlinesonmapsrepresentapproximateborderlinesforwhichtheremaynotyetbefullagreement.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ISBN978-92-5-134071-4 ©FAO,2021. Somerightsreserved.ThisworkismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Underthetermsofthislicence,thisworkmaybecopied,redistributedandadaptedfornon-commercialpurposes,providedthattheworkisappropriatelycited.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatFAOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Iftheworkisadapted,thenitmustbelicensedunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifatranslationofthisworkiscreated,itmustincludethefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththerequiredcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).FAOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.Theoriginal[Language]editionshallbetheauthoritativeedition.” DisputesarisingunderthelicencethatcannotbesettledamicablywillberesolvedbymediationandarbitrationasdescribedinArticle8ofthelicenceexceptasotherwiseprovidedherein.TheapplicablemediationruleswillbethemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganizationhttp://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rulesandanyarbitrationwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL). Third-partymaterials.Userswishingtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,areresponsiblefordeterminingwhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandforobtainingpermissionfromthecopyrightholder. Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-party-ownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser. Sales,rightsandlicensing.FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(www.fao.org/publications)andcanbepurchasedthroughpublications-sales@fao.org.Requestsforcommercialuseshouldbesubmittedvia: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queriesregardingrightsandlicensingshouldbesubmittedto:copyright@fao.org. Coverphotograph Farmerinspectshercropruinedbydesertlocustswarms,Ethiopia2020©FAO/PetterikWiggers Artdirectionanddesign:TeiknaDesign Drought,PoopóLake,Bolivia2015 INTRODUCTION PARTI Agricultureontheprovinggrounds 1 Moredisasters,moreimpactonagriculture 23 2010-2019themostturbulent 2 ChapterI 25 decade Provingthecase:measurement Disasterssteadyontherise 4 andevidence2008–2018 Exceptionsarethenewrule 9 ChapterII 47 Biologicalhazards:pest 10 Disastersandforests: anddiseaseoutbreaks unpackingacomplexrelationship TheheatisonGlobal2030Agenda 12 15 ChapterIIIImpactofdisastersonfisheries 63 –onedecadeleft andaquaculture Questcontinuesfor 16 disaggregateddataFromgovernanceofevidence 18 togovernanceofactionTimetoact 21 ForewordxxII Acknowledgementsxxv AbbreviationsandacronymsxxvI PARTII Focusonfoodchaincrises77 ChapterIV79 Agricultureinthefaceofapandemic:COVID-19impactsonfoodproduction ChapterV93 Animalhealthatthecrossroads:bridgingtheory,assessmentandpolicy ChapterVI113 Locusts,alegendarypestwithapresent-daytoll:lessonsfromMadagascar PARTIII Towardsthefutureofdamage andlossmonitoring133 ChapterVII135 Extremeexposure:aclearerpictureofagricultureintheclimatecrisis ChapterVIII157 Fromfarmtospace:exploringremotesensingapplicationsfordisasterimpactanalysis inagriculture CONCLUSION ©REUTERS/DavidMercado Theroadto2030: risk-resilientdevelopment pathwaysforagriculture177 APPENDICES187 Technicalannex188 FAO’sdamageandlossassessmentmethodology Glossary198 References202 India2019Thoughcommonhere,duststormshavebecomemorefrequent,intenseanddeadly,suchasthisonewhichstruckPrayagraj,killingmany. Extremeweatherevents ©REUTERS/JitendraPrakash Barrow,Alaska,UnitedStatesofAmerica2016Seaiceismeltingearlierandfasterthaneverbefore,leadingtomassmigrationofthewalruses,sealionsandfishuponwhichtheindigenousIñupiatpeopledepend. Climatechange ©UNICEF/UN055819/Sokhin Locustswarms Desertlocusts Kenya2020SwarmsoftheravenouspestinvadedcountriesacrosstheGreaterHornofAfrica,theArabianPeninsulaandSouthwestAsia,menacingfoodsecurityandagriculturallivelihoods. ©FAO/SvenTorfinn ©UNICEF/UNI329153/I