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DrivingtoNetZeroIndustryThroughLongDurationEnergyStorage November2023 Preface LONGDURATIONENERGYSTORAGE(LDES) TheLongDurationEnergyStorageCouncilcommissionedthisreporttodemonstratethecurrentandpotentialapplicationsformembertechnologiestodecarbonizeindustry. Therearemultiplelongdurationenergystoragetechnologiescommerciallyavailableandunderdevelopment.Ingeneral,thesetechnologiesprovidemorethaneighthoursofenergyusingavarietyofelectrochemical,mechanical,thermal,andchemicalstoragemedia. Manyofthesetechnologieshavebeenunderdevelopmentformorethanadecadeandoftentimesutilizeexistingmotors,pumpsandotherequipmentthathasalreadybeenutilizedinotherindustries.1 Theimportanceoflongdurationenergystoragetechnologieswillincreaseinlinewithincreasingsaturationofintermittentrenewableenergysupplyonelectricgridsaroundtheworld. Thisreportexamineshowlongdurationenergystoragetechnologiescandecarbonizefossilfueledindustrialprocessesbyutilizingthisrenewableenergysupplytoprovidereliablebaseloadelectricsupply. TheLongDurationEnergyStorageCouncilcommissionedglobalmanagementconsultingfirmRolandBergertoconducttheanalysisandcompilethereport. RolandBergercollaboratedwiththeLongDurationEnergyStorageCouncilstaffaswellasitstechnologyandanchormembersonthecontent,analysisandassumptionsinthisreport. ABOUTTHELDESCOUNCIL TheLongDurationEnergyStorageCouncil(LDESCouncil)isglobalnon-profitorganizationcommittedtodecarbonizingglobalenergysystemsby2040throughthedevelopment,deployment,andintegrationoflongdurationenergystoragetechnologies(LDES). TheLDESCouncil'smissionistofacilitatethetransitiontoamoresustainableandresilientenergyfuturebyadvocatingforpolicies,fosteringinnovation,andpromotingcollaborationamongitsmembershipandstakeholdersintheenergyindustry.Astheleadingvoiceinadvocatingforthewidespreadadoptionofdiverselongdurationenergystoragetechnologies,theLDESCouncilprovidesguidanceandreportstoenabletheintegrationofrenewableenergysourcesandenhancegridstabilityusingLDEStechnologiestoachieveaflexible,secure, reliable,affordable,andfossilfuelfreeenergysystem. ABOUTROLANDBERGER HeadquarteredinMunich,Germany,RolandBergerisaglobalmanagementconsultingfirmofapproximately3,500consultants.RolandBergerhasmorethan50officesin30countries,andspecializesinsupportingitsindustrials,utility,investorandgovernmentclientsthroughtheenergytransition. 1"Theideaofhydraulicenergystoragebymeansofpumpsandturbineswasbornattheendofthe19thcenturyinSwitzerlandandinGermany.ThefirstpumpedstorageplantwasbuiltinZurichin1891attheLimmatriverfollowedbyasecondinstallation1894atlakeMaggioreandathirdone1899attheAareriver.TheprincipleofpumpedstoragewasfirstrealizedinGermany1891,whereasteammachinewasdrivingacentrifugalpumpfordewateringtheRosenhoforemineintheUpperHarzmountainbyfillinganupperreservoir,whichwasservingaseparatewaterwheel." Krueger,K.,2020.PumpedHydroelectricStorage.InK.Brun,T.Allison,andR.Dennis:Thermal,Mechanical,andHybridChemicalEnergyStorage,NewYork,NY:Elsevier,ISBN978-0-12-819892-6 2 Contents Preface2 Executivesummary4 Glossary7 01Thecaseforindustrialdecarbonization8 02NetZeroIndustry:Methodologyoverview15 03Off-gridelectric22 04"Easy-to-electrify"heat27 05"Hard-to-electrify"heat37 06Supportingpolicymechanisms44 Appendix48 A.Datacenters49 B.Analyticalapproach52 C.Technologies–technicalandcostassumptions56 D.Casestudyapproachandstatusquoassumptions57 E.LongDurationEnergyStorageCouncilmembers60 Executivesummary Longdurationenergystoragetechnologiespairedwithrenewablescouldreduceglobalindustrialgreenhousegasemissionsby65%. OneofthemostattractivecurrentapplicationsforLDEStechnologiesistosupport firmrenewableelectricityforoffgridapplicationsbasedonrepresentativecasestudiesanalyzedinthisreport. LDEStechnologiesalsoreducethecostofabatementforlow-to-mediumtemperaturefossilfueledindustrialprocesses(100°Cto500°C)andwouldbeattractivewithcarbonincentives. Governmentsworldwideshouldprioritizepoliciesthatincreaseindustrialusers'propensitytodeployLDEStechnologiessuchassubsidies,pricesoncarbonandpilotprojects. LDEStechnologiespairedwithrenewablesareaviable,cost-efficientandreadilyappliableoptionforindustrialdecarbonization,asobserversconsiderthesetechnologies“Anembarrassinglysimplesolutionforindustrialemissions.”2 Moreover,longdurationenergystoragetechnologiesarealreadybeingpilotedbybluechipindustrialfirms,astheyareimpatienttodecarbonizenowandLDESgivesthemthisopportunity. TataSteel,ArcelorMittal,BHP,RioTinto,Yara,AveryDennison,EniandMicrosoftareamongtheindustrialfirmsembarkingonprojectstodemonstratetheabilityofLDEStechnologiestodecarbonizetheiroperations. LDEStechnologies'costs,capabilities,anddurabilityenablethemtosupportawiderangeofapplicationsfor 2https://www-ft-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/content/7c6a0928-a233-4444-b294-297006270141 industrialenergyusecasesthatareunsuitedtoshorterdurationresources.LDEShastheabilitytoprovidetheequivalentofbaseloadrenewablepowerforindustrialcustomers,insomecasesformulitpledaysorevenonaseasonalbasis.EmployingLDEStechnologiesonabehindthemeterbasiswillinmanyinstances,ena