亚洲及太平洋发展中国家能源转型准备情况评估

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKENERGY TRANSITION READINESSASSESSMENT FOR DEVELOPINGASIA AND THE PACIFICAPRIL 2025 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444Some rights reserved. Published in 2025.ISBN 978-92-9277-287-1 (print); 978-92-9277-288-8 (PDF); 978-92-9277-289-5 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS250141-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS250141-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to useCorrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam.ADB placed its regular assistance to Afghanistan on hold effective 15 August 2021, but since 2022 ADB has supportedthe Afghan people through a special arrangement with the United Nations to address basic human needs.Classification of advanced and world economies are based on country classification in the World Economic OutlookDatabase which divides the world into two major groups: advanced economies and emerging and developing economies.Assessed economies are defined within the report (Source: IMF. 2023. World Economic Outlook Database).Cover design by Jan Carlo Dela Cruz. www.adb.orgthe ADB logo.Notes: CONTENTSTABLE, FIGURES, AND BOXESFOREWORDACKNOWLEDGMENTSABBREVIATIONSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1BACKGROUND AND REGIONAL ENERGY CONTEXT2THE ENERGY TRANSITION READINESS ASSESSMENT3ENERGY TRANSITION READINESS ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS3.1 Cross-Dimension Takeaways3.2 Energy System3.3 Energy Economy Linkages3.4 Infrastructure System3.5 Social System3.6 Technology and Diffusion Ecosystem3.7 Macroeconomic and Investment Environment3.8 Regulatory Environment4ENERGY TRANSITION IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATESAPPENDIX: ENERGY TRANSITION READINESS ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGYREFERENCES ivviviiviiiix149911212735414752576269 TABLE, FIGURES, AND BOXESTABLEEnergy Transition Readiness Assessment Country CoverageFIGURES1Developing Asia’s Energy Consumption2Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimensions, Subdimensions, and Indicators3Developing Asian Economies Across Seven Energy Transition ReadinessAssessment Dimensions4Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Energy System” Median Scores5Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emission Intensities of Developing Asian Economies’Energy Systems6Renewables Share in Electricity Generation and New Capacity Addition, 20227Residual Life of Coal Plants in Assessed Economies, 20228Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Energy Economy Linkages”Median Scores9Fossil Fuel Subsidies, 2012–202210Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Infrastructure System” Median Scores11Transmission and Distribution Losses in Developing Asian Economies12Progress in Access to Electricity Versus Gross Domestic Product per Capita(Purchasing Power Parity) in Assessed Economies13Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Social System” Median Scores14Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Technology and Diffusion Ecosystem”Median Scores15Energy Transition Readiness Assessment Dimension “Macroeconomic and InvestmentEnvironment” Median Scores16Investment in Clean Energy, 2013–202317Energy Transition Readine