热门搜索：

The Global Gender Gap in Innovation and Creativity: An International Comparison of the Gender Gap in Global Patenting over Two Decades

2023-10-01WIPO叶***

WIPODevelopmentStudies TheGlobalGenderGap inInnovationandCreativity AnInternationalComparisonoftheGenderGapinGlobalPatentingoverTwoDecades WIPODevelopmentStudies TheGlobalGenderGap inInnovationandCreativity AnInternationalComparisonoftheGenderGapinGlobalPatentingoverTwoDecades PreparedbyElodieCarpentierandJulioRaffoInnovationEconomySection DepartmentforEconomicsandDataAnalyticsWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization incollaborationwithInventTogether Abstract:Thisreportanalyzeswomen’sparticipationininternationalpatentappli-cationsbetween1999and2020andﬁndsthatwomenareinvolvedinonly23%ofallapplications,representing13%ofallinventorslisted.Women’sparticipationinpatentingvariesacrossregions,sectors,andindustries,withhigherrepresentationinbiotechnology,foodchemistry,andpharmaceuticals,andlowerinmechanicalengi-neering.Womeninventorsaremoreprevalentinacademiathanintheprivatesector,andtypicallyworkinmostly-maleteamsoralone.Achievinggenderparitywillrequiresigniﬁcanteffort,withanestimatedtargetyearof2061basedoncurrenttrends. Acknowledgments:ThisreportwasdevelopedunderthegeneraldirectionofMarcoAlemán(AssistantDirectorGeneral)andCarstenFink(ChiefEconomist).ElodieCarpentier’sworkonthisreportwasalsosupportedbyafellowshipwithInventTogether(https://inventtogether.org/).WearegratefultoMeganAanstoos,JenniferBrant,KhariCyrus,HollyFechner,IntanHamdan-Livramento,JoniLaura,FedericoMoscatelli,KristineSchlegelmilch,andMorganSchreursfortheirvaluablecommentsthroughoutthepreparationofthisreport.OurgratitudeextendstoMichaelFalk(IPAustralia),AlvaroGonzalez(IN-API),ChristopherHarrison(UKIPO),ConnorMorgan(UKIPO),AnnitaNugent(IPAustralia),MichelleSaksena(USPTO),AndyToole(USPTO),andFabianaVisentin(UNU-MERIT),whokindlyagreedtoreviewthisreportpriortopublicationandprovidedvaluableinsightsandsuggestions. Executivesummary Innovationisamajordriverofeconomicgrowth,buttheunderrepresentationofwomenamonginventorshinderstheircontributiontoinnovation. Thisreportexamineswomen’sparticipationinPCTinternationalpatentapplicationsfrom1999to2020andrevealsthatwomenwereinvolvedintheinventionsbehindonly23percentofallapplications,whilemenwereinvolvedin96percent.Asaresult,womenrepresentjust13percentofalllistedinventorsinthesefilings,withanestimatedcontributionequivalenttoonly10percentofallPCTapplications. Theglobaltrendsshowanincreasingparticipationofwomeninpatenting.Inthelastavailableyear,womenparticipatedin31percentofPCTapplicationsandrepresent16percentoflistedinventors.Theirestimatedcontributionisequivalentto14percentofPCTapplications. Althoughwomen’sparticipationinpatentinghasincreasedovertime,achievinggenderparitywilltakeawhile.Basedoncurrenttrends,iftheinclusionconditionsofthepastfiveyearsaremaintained,wemayobservethatwomeninventorswillreachthe50percenttargetaroundtheyear2061. Women’sparticipationinpatentingvariessubstantiallyacrossworldregions,sectors,andindustries.Whenanalyzedbyregion,womeninventorsaccountfor21percentofalllistedinventorsintheLatinAmericanandCaribbeanregion,17percentinAsia,15percentinNorthernAmerica,14percentinEurope,and13percentinAfricaandOceania. Womeninventorstendtobeconcentratedinspecificindustries,withlittlechangeovertime.Thefieldsofbiotechnology,foodchemistry,andpharmaceuticalshavethehighestratesofwomeninclusion,whereasfieldsrelatedtomechanicalengineeringhavefarfewerwomeninventors. Thetechnologicalspecializationofcountriesandregionscanindicatetheirrankingsofgenderinclusiontoagreatextent.Althoughthenationalspecializationsignificantlyalterstherankingforafewcountries,formostcountriestheirtechnologicalspecializationisnotthemainfactorinthegendergapinpatents.Whiledifferencesbetweentechnologicalindustriesarerelativelystableovertime,thereismoreheterogeneityandfluctuationacrosscountries. Womeninventorsaremoreprevalentinacademia(21percent)thanintheprivatesector(14percent).Nevertheless,patentapplicationscomingfromacademiarepresentonlyaminorshareofthetotal. Whilewomen’sparticipationinpatentingisontherise,anexaminationofthegendercompositionofinventorteamsshowsthatall-womenteamsareveryrare,andwomenareseldomthenumericalmajorityinmixedteams.Womenworkmorefrequentlyalonethaninall-womenteamsorteamswheretheyarethemajority. Furthermore,thedecreaseintheshareofindividualpatentingexplainsmuchofthepositivetrendinglobalinclusionoverthelasttwodecades.Weobservethattheshareofpatentswithonlyonemaninventordecreasesinallregions,whiletheshareofonewomaninventoronlyincreasessubstantiallyinAsia.Invirtuallyallregions,teamscomposedmostlyofmenincreasedmorethangender-balancedteamsorwomen-majorityteams. 1Introduction Innovationreliesontheideasanddiscoveriesofmenandwomenfromallovertheworld,ofallagesandallorigins.Yetstatisticsshowthatwomenhavebeenandremainunderrepresentedinventorsincomparisontotheirproportionofthepopulationaroundtheworld(UKIPO,2016;UKIPO,2019;Martinez,Raffo,Saito,etal.,2016;OECD,2018). Thereareseveralreasonswhywomenholdfewerpatentsoninnovationsthanmen.Onehypothesisisthatwomenmaybelessattractedtomath-intensivefields,whichproducemostinventions.However,statisticssh

点击免费查看完整报告

你可能感兴趣

An Evaluation of World Bank and International Finance Corporation Engagement of Gender Equality over the Past 10 Years

综合

世界银行2024-11-07

Gender Equality in Science: Inclusion and Participation of Women in Global Science Organizations. Results of two global surveys

国际科学院组织(IAP)2021-09-01

An Examination of the Social and Physical Environment of Public Housing Residents in Two Chicago Developments in Transition

城市研究所2010-07-07

Joint statement to the G8 on the role of science, technology and innovation in promoting global development

国际科学院组织(IAP)2008-07-01

Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Summary of an International Workshop

国际科学院组织(IAP)2011-01-01