热门搜索：

争取清洁空气：南亚的空气污染与公共卫生（英）2023

公用事业2023-06-14-世界银行绝***

AI智能总结

The World Bank's report "Striving for Clean Air" highlights the significant air pollution and public health challenges in South Asia. The region is home to 1.8 billion people, and air pollution is a major contributor to the region's high disease burden. The report recommends a range of policy options to reduce air pollution, including improving public transportation, promoting clean energy, and implementing regulations on industrial emissions. The report also emphasizes the importance of public awareness and education campaigns to encourage individuals to take steps to reduce their own air pollution. Overall, the report highlights the urgent need for action to address the air pollution crisis in South Asia and improve public health outcomes.

SouthAsiaDevelopmentMatters StrivingforCleanAir AirPollutionandPublicHealthinSouthAsia StrivingforCleanAir StrivingforCleanAir AirPollutionandPublicHealth inSouthAsia ©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433 Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worldbank.orgSomerightsreserved 123426252423 ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecu-tiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,completeness,orcurrencyofthedataincludedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibilityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orliabilitywithrespecttotheuseoforfailuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconclusionssetforth.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyter-ritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries. Nothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivi-legesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved. RightsandPermissions ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.UndertheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicense,youarefreetocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,includingforcommercialpurposes,underthefollowingconditions: Attribution—Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:WorldBank.2023.StrivingforCleanAir:AirPollutionandPublicHealthinSouthAsia.SouthAsiaDevelopmentMatters.Washington,DC:WorldBank.doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8.License:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGO. Translations—Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattri-bution:ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorldBanktrans-lation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation. Adaptations—Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattri-bution:ThisisanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank. Third-partycontent—TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoesnotwarrantthattheuseofanythird-party-ownedindividualcomponentorpartcontainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofclaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithyou.Ifyouwishtore-useacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatre-useandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages. AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN(paper):978-1-4648-1831-8 ISBN(electronic):978-1-4648-1838-7DOI:10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8 Coverillustration:©ReyesWork.Furtherpermissionrequiredforreuse. Coverdesign:BillPragluski,CriticalStages,LLC. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2023907856 Contents Forewordxi Acknowledgmentsxiii MainMessagesxv ExecutiveSummaryxvii Abbreviationsxxvii 1Introduction1 Overview1 References4 2AirQualityinSouthAsia:ARegionalPictureofthe SourcesofAirPollution5 Introduction5 KeyFeaturesofAirPollutioninSouthAsia6 ImplicationsforAQMinSouthAsia13 TheImportanceofAirshedManagementforSouthAsia19 Annex2A:ApplicationofGAINSModelinginSouthAsia21 Notes24 References24 3Cost-EffectiveMeasuresforReducingAmbientAirPollutionin SouthAsia27 Introduction27 FourAirQualityManagementApproachesThatGoaboveandbeyondtheCurrentPolicies30 ImplicationsforAQM:TheNeedforAirshedwideAirQualityManagement36 v viSTRIVINGFORCLEANAIR Notes39 References40 4BenefitsofReducedAirPollution41 HealthImpactsofAirPollution41 EconomicBenefitsofReducedAirPollution44 PreventingPrematureMortality45 Annex4A:HealthImpactCalculations53 Annex4B:COVID-19andAirPollutionLink62 Notes63 References63 5ARoadMapforAirshedwideAirQualityManagement69 Introduction69 PhaseI:MoreandBetterMonitoringandImprovedInstitutions75 PhaseII:AdditionalandJointTargetsforCost-EffectiveAbatement78 PhaseIII:MainstreamingAirQualityintheEconomy81 DespiteAmpleOpportunities,SeriousObstaclesRemain84 References84 Boxes 4.1EmpiricalMethodstoEstimatetheEffectsofAirPollutiononHealthOutcomes42 4.2Cost-BenefitAnalysisofPoliciestoReduceAirPollution46 4.3ImprovedCookstovesandCleanerFuelsinIndia48 5.1ExperiencesaroundtheGlobetoImproveAirQuality72 5.2FineParticulateMatterExposureandperCapitaExpendituresinIndia77 5.3SynergiesbetweenAirQualityManagementandClimateChangePolicies83 Figures ES.1ExposureReductionsandCostsofAssociatedEmissionsControlsfortheFour ModeledScenariosintheSouthAsiaRegionin2030xxi 1.1SpatialandSectoralOriginofFineParticulateMatterinAmbientA

点击免费查看完整报告