巴基斯坦城市工作场所对女性的友好程度如何？（英）

NO.221 OCTOBER2022 KEYPOINTS •Incertaincontexts,culturalandsocialnormssurroundingwomen’sresponsibilitiesathome,theirtraveloutsidethehome,andtheirinteraction ADBBRIEFS HowFemale-FriendlyAreWorkplacesinUrbanPakistan? HowFemale-FriendlyAreWorkplacesinUrbanPakistan? withunrelatedmencreatemultiplebarrierstotheirlaborforceparticipation. •BasedonarepresentativesurveyoffirmsinLahore,thisbriefanalyzesthe availabilityofbasicworkplacefeaturesthatcouldhelpwomenovercomesome ofthosebarriers,suchasseparatetoiletsandprayerareas,safetransporttowork,andpredictableworkhours. •Thefindingssuggestthatfinancialsupportandotherincentivestoinvestin AliehaShahidProjectManagerDukeUniversity LalaRukhKhan ProjectManager CentreforEconomicResearchinPakistan TehneiatAmjadButt ResearchAssociate CentreforEconomicResearchinPakistan INTRODUCTION ElisabettaGentile SeniorEconomist AsianDevelopmentBank KateVyborny AssociateDirectorDevLab@DukeUniversity basicfacilitiesforfemaleemployees—particularlyforsmallerfirmswithlimitedresources—wouldincreasethenumberoffemale-friendlyworkplaces. •Theimplementationofmorefixedworkinghoursforfemaleemployeesandtheprovisionofsafeandsecure transportoptionsforworkingwomenwouldencouragemorewomentowork. •Strictergovernmentpoliciestowardemployerprovisionofcompulsorymaternityandpaternityleavecouldhelpmanywomenwithchildcareresponsibilitiestoreturnto thelaborforceafterchildbirth. PakistanhasoneofthelowestratesoffemalelaborforceparticipationinAsia.Only22%ofwomenparticipatedinthelaborforceinPakistanin2019comparedtoanaverageof24%intheSouthAsiaregion,and59%intheEastAsiaandPacificregion(WorldBank,2019).Culturalandsocialnormssurroundingwomen’sresponsibilitiesathome,theirtraveloutsidethehome,andtheirinteractionwithunrelatedmencreatemultiplebarriersforwomenwhomaybeeagertoentertheworkforce.Whilethelackofsafeopportunitiesfortransportactsasaconstraintformobilitytoworkformanywomen(Fieldetal.,2018;FieldandVyborny,2022),thelackofviableoptionsforchildcarelimitsothersfromworking(TanakaandMuzones,2016). Insuchasetting,itbecomesespeciallyimportanttoensurethatwomenwhodomanagetoovercomethesebarriersandentertheworkforcefindworkplaceenvironmentsthattheydeemsafeandcomfortable. Forinstance,a2021studyinurbanPakistanfoundthatinformationaboutworkplaceattributesallowswomentonavigatetheirjobsearchinawaythatcanmitigatethecostsassociatedwithsocialnorms(Subramanian,2021).Another2021studyfoundthatpoliciesincreasingtheprovisionofchildcareservicesincreasesfemalelaborforceparticipationinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries(Halimetal.,2021).Theprovisionofbasicworkplaceservicesandpolicies—suchasseparatetoiletspaces,separateprayer areas,transporttowork,andpredictableworkhours—couldbefundamentaltoretainingfemaletalentinorganizationsandencouragingotherwomentoenterthelabormarket. ISBN978-92-9269-795-2(print) ISBN978-92-9269-796-9(electronic) ISSN2071-7202(print) ISSN2218-2675(electronic)PublicationStockNo.BRF220435 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF220435 Inthispolicybrief,resultsareusedfromarepresentativesampleoffirmssurveyedacrossLahore,Pakistan,tounderstandwhichoftheseprovisionsareofferedbyemployersinurbanPakistantofemaleemployees,andhowtheavailabilityoftheseprovisions varieswithemployers’interestinhiringwomen.TheseresultsshedlightonhowcomfortableworkspacesinLahorecurrentlyareforwomenandtheextenttowhichtheycanbemademorefavorable,bothforwomenwhoarecurrentlyemployed,andthosewhowishtojointhelaborforce. TostudytheseandotherquestionsrelatedtothelabormarketinurbanPakistan,researchersattheCentreforEconomicResearchinPakistancreatedajobsearchplatforminLahore,Pakistan,calledJobTalashin2017.Thisplatform—whichisstillactivein2022—generatesdataforover10,000jobseekersand1,200firmsinLahore.ThesamplefortheJobTalashservice isdrawnfromLahore,Pakistan,ametropolisofover10millionpeople.FortheinitialenrollmentofjobseekersintoJobTalash,50,000householdswerelistedinaclusteredrandomsampleofhouseholds,andeachhouseholdmemberwasaskedifsheorhewasinterestedinsigningupfortheservice.Detailedinformationwasgatheredfrominterestedindividualsontheireducation,workexperience,andjobsearchpreferences. Domestic Figure1:Women’sReportedReasonsforNotWorking Other3% Husbandorfatherdoesnotgivepermissiontowork outsidehome responsibilities37% 36% Notenoughopportunities8% Womandoesnotwanttoworkoutsidehome16% Source:PakistanSocialandLivingStandardsMeasurementSurvey2005–2006. ArepresentativesampleoffirmsacrossLahorewaslistedforenrollmentintotheJobTalashplatform.EnumeratorsofferedthesefirmstheopportunitytoenrollintheJobTalashserviceandlistvacancieswithit.Thesampleoffirmssignedupfortheservicerepresentsthediversityoftheprivatesectorinthemetropolitanareaandrangesfromlarge,formalfirmstosmall,informalfirms.1Apartfromvacancyinformation,thesurveyaskedfirmsaboutworkinghourpatternsandpoliciesattheirorganizations,aswellasthebasicfacilitiesandservicesavailableforfemalestaff. Foreachnewvacancylistedontheplatform,matchingapplicantswereidentifiedandinformedaboutthevacancies,afterwhichthecurriculumvitaeofinterestedapplicantswere