经合组织2026年关键原材料出口限制清单：在市场和政策紧张局势加剧的情况下监测出口限制的使用情况

Restrictions Amidst GrowingMarket and Policy Tensions April 2026 OECD Inventory of ExportRestrictions on Critical Raw MONITORING THE USE OF EXPORT RESTRICTIONS This work is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD, and does not necessarily reflect the This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in Please cite this publication as: OECD (2026),OECD Inventory of Export Restrictions on Critical Raw Materials 2026: Monitoring the Use of Export RestrictionsAmidst Growing Market and Policy Tensions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d5ca8f62-en. ISBN 978-92-64-84442-1 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-48664-5 (HTML) Photo credits:Cover © Pla2na/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2026 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work. Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in Table ofcontents 1 International trade in critical raw materials and export restrictions 2 Key trends in the use of export restrictions up to 2024Key insights on export restrictions adopted in 2024Key facts on export restrictions adopted over 2009-2024 3 Implications 4 About the OECD Inventory on Export Restrictions on Critical Raw Materials 18 Data sources collection processProduct coverageCountry coverageTypes of measures covered References 23 Notes In this series 25 FIGURES Figure2.1. Export restrictions increased fivefold over 2009-20246Figure2.2. Raw materials saw a significant spike in price in 2022 and 2023, followed by normalisation in 20247Figure2.3. Five countries accounted for more than half of the new restrictions on raw mineralsintroduced over2009-20248Figure2.4. A diverse group of countries contributed to the introduction of new export restrictions on rawmaterials in 20249Figure2.5. For some materials the global incidence of export restrictions increased by more than 10%10Figure2.6. Export restrictions on ores and minerals increased more rapidly than those in other segments ofthe CRM supply chain11Figure2.7. Some raw materials have experienced a sharp increase in export restrictions12Figure2.8. More than 20% of trade in certain key minerals faced at least one export restriction over 2022- TABLES Table4.1. Products covered in the InventoryTable4.2. Countries covered in the InventoryTable4.3. Measures restricting exports included in the Inventory International trade incriticalraw materialsand export Key messages •Exportrestrictions on critical raw materials have increasedfivefold since 2009.Growthtaperedin 2024to a 0.6% annual growth ratebutrestrictionsremainat historically high levels following •New export restrictions introduced in 2024 wereimplementedby a more diverse group ofcountries than in previous years, pointing to broader adoption of such measures among •Severalmaterialscritical to industrial and energy-transition supply chains—including cobalt,manganese, graphite and rare-earth elements—face particularly high exposure to exportrestrictions:around 70% of global exports of cobalt and manganese were subject to at least one •Thematerialsthat saw the largest increasesin export restrictionsin 2024includedtantalum,lithium,tin,manganese,nickel,cobalt and several non-ferrous minor metals,including •The share ofCRMimportsfacing at least one restrictionincreased globally from 12.4% in the2009-2011 period to 16% in the 2022-2024 period.Within theOECD, the EU and Japansawreductionsintheir exposure over the observation period, but Japan’s exposure remainsabovethe global average, with18.4% ofitsCRM importscovered by export restrictions. Other OECD •Export taxes and licensing requirements remain the most widely used export restrictioninstruments,but the most severe type of restrictions—such as export prohibitions—havebecome more common.In 2024, close to one quarter of newly introduced restrictions took the Raw materialssuch aslit