巴拿马系统性国家诊断

© 2024 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, andconclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of theExecutive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency ofthe data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the useof or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth.The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other informationshown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bankconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptanceof such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean theWorld Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of theirworks. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitationupon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of whichare specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bankencourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, inwhole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to thiswork is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2024. PanamaSystematic Country Diagnostic. © World Bank.” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressedto World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover and document design: Manthra Comunicación · info@manthra.ec Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms2Acknowledgments4 1. Executive Summary 1.1. Drivers of Growth and Poverty Reduction51.2. Panama’s Slowing Convergence81.3. The SCD Update Framework11 2. Growth and Poverty Context13 3.1. Productivity173.1.1. Human Capital173.1.2. Employment, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation223.1.3. Infrastructure and Connectivity273.1.4. Key Institutions to Improve Productivity28 3.2. Social Exclusion and Inequality303.2.1. Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities303.2.2. Key Institutions to Improve Inclusion33 3.3. Environmental Sustainability and Vulnerability to Climate Change353.3.1. Water Resources353.3.2. Vulnerability to Natural Disasters and Environmental Sustainability363.3.3. Key Institutions to Improve Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change37 4. Policy Priorities and High-Level Outcomes39 4.1. Build Human Capital394.2. Increase the Innovation and Entrepreneurial Capacity of Firms and theQuality of Jobs414.3. Ensure the Inclusion of Indigenous Communities, Rural Populations, and Women434.4. Promote Environmental Sustainability and Strengthen Resilienceto Natural Disasters444.5. Cross-Cutting: Strengthen Public Sector Institutions464.6. High-Level Outcomes48 References50 Appendix I - Figures56 Endnotes115 Abbreviations and Acronyms Acknowledgments The team would like to thank the members of the World Bank Group’s Global Practices,the staff of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Panamanian authorities,partners, and other stakeholders that contributed to the preparation of this SystematicCountry Diagnostic (SCD) Update. The SCD Update team was led by Hulya Ulku (Senior Economist) and Javier Romero (Economist),under the leadership and guidance of Carlos Felipe Jaramillo (Regional Vice President), MichelKerf (Country Director), Robert R. Taliercio (Regional Director), Doerte Doemeland (PracticeManager), Carlos Rodriguez Castelan (Practice Manager), Pedro Rodriguez (Program Leader),and Joelle Dehasse (Country Manager). The core team members include Rafael Amaral Ornelas(Economist), Kiyomi E. Cadena (Consultant), and Angela Rocio Lopez Sanchez (Consultant).Additional guidance was provided by Martin Spicer (Former Director, IFC), Manuel Reyes-Retana(Director, IFC), Hiroyuki Hatashima (Chief Evaluation Officer, MIGA), and Sanaa Abouzaid (CountryManager, IFC). The team is grateful for the valuable contributions made by Meilyn Gem (OperationsOfficer), Luis Anibal Cano de Urquidi (Senior Operations Officer), and Janibeth Miranda (SeniorExternal Affairs Officer). Sector-specific knowledge, inputs, contributions, and guidance were provided by Cornelia Tesliuc(Social Protection and Jobs), David Olivier Treguer (Sector Leader, Sustainable Development),David Vilar (Program Leader, Infrastructure), Diego Arias Carballo (Agriculture Practice Manager),Fabian Hinojosa (Senior Transport Specialist), Federica Secci (Senior Health Specialist), FelipeMontoya Pino (Urban Specialist), Julian Najles (Digital Development), Katharina Siegmann (SeniorEnvironmental Spec