长时储能：示范项目总结

Long-DurationEnergyStorage:EmergingPilotProjectSummaries SI:EPRIInsight www.epri.com 14160694 ©2024ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Inc.Allrightsreserved. 2 ©2024ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Inc.Allrightsreserved. Purpose: ThisreportsummarizesrecentpilotprojectsofLong-DurationEnergyStorage(LDES)technologies,specificallytechnologiesdevelopedbyCMBlu,EnergyDome,StorworksPower(Storworks),andRedoxBlox.1Itaimstoprovidehighlightsonthetechnologicalprocesses,performanceandcostmetrics,andpotentialviabilityasdemonstratedthroughfieldworkoftheseemergingenergystoragesolutions.Byexaminingthesepilotprojects,thereportprovidesinsightsintounderstandinghowthesetechnologiesfunctionandhowtheymayfitintoperspectiveportfoliostoenhancegridstabilityandvariablerenewableenergyutilization.Pleasenotethattheprojectionsandevaluationswithinthisreportareprimarilybasedonforward-lookingstatementsfromthemanufacturersoftheLDEStechnologiesandhavenotbeenindependentlyverifiedbyEPRI,exceptwhereexplicitlystated. Relevance: Insightsfromtheseenergystoragepilotprojectsofferhigh-levelqualitativeandquantitativeinformationforutilities.Theseinsights includesummariesofperformanceandcostdata,whichareimportantforevaluatingLDESsystems.2,3Additionally,thereporthighlightsactivitiesandfindingsfromthepilottesting,providingabetterunderstandingofthestatusandmaturityofthesetechnologiesandtheirusecases.Byunderstandingtheperformance,costs,andmaturityofthesepilotprojects,utilitiescanmakemoreinformeddecisions aboutthepotentialbenefitsofLDEStechnologiesfortheirenergyportfolio.4Moredetailsontheseandotherenergystorage technologiescanbeobtainedthroughparticipationinEPRI'sProgram94“EnergyStorageandDistributedGeneration”andProgram221“BulkEnergyStorage.” 1EnergyStorageTechnologyDatabase(ESTD)v1.0.EPRI,PaloAlto,CA:2023. 2EPRIInsights:CurrentEvents,IndustryForecasts,andR&DtoInformEnergyStrategy.EPRI,PaloAlto,CA:2022.3002025959. 3Long-DurationEnergyStorage:PotentialUseCasesandTechnology.EPRI,PaloAlto,CA:2021.3002019019. 14160694 4Long-DurationEnergyStorageBenefits.EPRI,PaloAlto,CA:2021.3002021099. 3 ©2024ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Inc.Allrightsreserved. Electrochemical:Usesreversiblechemicalreactionstogenerateelectricity,withlithiumionbatteriesbeingtheprincipaltechnology.Newelectrochemicalbatteriesrepresentapromisingfrontierinlong-durationenergystorage.Thesetechnologiesuselow-costrawmaterialssuchaszincandironintheactivematerialsthatstoreenergy.Thesebatteriesarescalable,withprojectedlowmarginalcostofenergy,makingthemsuitableforapplicationsrequiredsustainedenergydelivery,suchasrenewableintegrationandbackuppower. Mechanical:Harnesseskineticorpotentialenergytostoreandreleaseenergy.Potentialenergysystems,suchaspumpedhydrostorage,usegravityandinvolveliftingmasswhenchargingandloweringittospinageneratortocreatepowerwhendischarging.Kineticenergysystems,suchascompressedairenergystorage(CAES),generallycompressaworkingfluidwhencharging,storingitatpressure,thenexpandingittodriveaturbinewhendischarging.Awidearrayofemergingmechanicalenergystoragesystemsarebeingdeveloped,whichpromiselowercostandhigherround-tripefficiency(RTE),alongwitheasiersiting. Thermal:Storesandreleasesenergyintheformofheat.Heatcaneitherbestoredsensiblyusingmediasuchasconcrete,gravel,sand,orsaltorusingaphase-changematerial,whichprovidesadditionalheatfromphasetransitions.Whencharging,themediumiseitherheatedbyahotfluidorelectrically,andwhendischarging,aworkingfluidisheatedtoeitherdriveapowercycle,ortoprovideheatdirectlytoaprocess.Thermalenergystorage(TES)hasthepotentialtobethelowestcostLDESsystem,balancedbylowerefficiencies. Chemical:Involvescreatingalow-carbonfuelorperformingareversiblethermochemicalreactionthatcangenerateheat.Hydrogen istheprimarylow-carbonfuelcandidateandcanbegeneratedusingelectrolysis,orchemicallythroughreformingafossilfuel,coupledwithcarboncaptureandstorage.Othercandidatelow-carbonfuelsincludeammoniaandbio-fuels.Oncecreated,thesefuelscanbestoredforuptoseasonalperiodsandburnedinconventionalpowergenerators.Thermochemicalsystemsusea compoundthatcombinedwithairorwatergeneratesheattodriveapowercycle,thatisthenreformedtorepeattheprocess. 14160694 Figure1.SchematicoftheOrganicSolidFlowBattery Figure1showstheoperationofCMBlu'sSolidFlowbattery.Twoexternaltankscontainingdifferentelectrolytes,onepositivelycharged,andonenegativelycharged,areconnectedtothestackviapumpsthatdelivertheelectrolytestothepowermodule. Theyarepreventedfrommixingbyathinmembraneandpass-overporouselectrodestocauseeitherachargingordischarging.Tocharge,oxidationoccursattheanodecausingalossinelectrons,whichflowinthepowermoduleandtothecathode. Theprocessisreversedtodischarge,wheretheanode experiencesreductionandthecathodeexperiencesoxidation. CMBlu'sOrganicSolidFlowbatteryisaredox(reduction-oxidation)flowbattery(RFB)containingelectrolytesinthesolidandliquidform. Nearlyalltheenergyisstoredinacarbon-basedsolid.Theliquidelectrolyteactsasashuttle,movingchargedionsbetweenpositiveandnegativesidesthroughthebatterystacktochargeanddisc