重新定义全球多维贫困衡量，以尼日利亚数据为例（英）

PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10577 ReconceptualizingGlobalMultidimensionalPovertyMeasurement,withIllustration onNigerianData BenoitDecerfKikeFonton DevelopmentResearchGroup&PovertyandEquityGlobalPracticeOctober2023 PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10577 Abstract Multidimensionalpovertymeasurescanintheorymakewell-beingcomparisonsthatarelessbiasedthanthosesolelybasedonmonetarypoverty.However,globalmul-tidimensionalpovertymeasuressufferinpracticefromlimitationsthathaveledtocrediblecriticisms.Thispaperpresentsthecaseformultidimensionalpovertymeasures,twocriticismsagainsttheircurrentimplementations,aswellasrecentlyproposedsolutionstoimproveonthesecriticisms.Thepaperdevelopsamethodforimplementingthesesolutionsinpractice.Theresultingwell-beingindica-torisusedtocomparewell-beingacrossNigerianstatesin2019.Thisempiricalillustrationsuggeststhatthesesolu-tionsmaysubstantiallyaffectwell-beingcomparisons.The paperalsoquantifiesthepotentialbiasinherenttocom-paringwell-beingsolelybasedonmonetarypoverty.Theresultsfindsubstantiallydifferentwell-beingcomparisonsbetweentheproposedwell-beingindicatorandmonetarypovertyeventhoughmonetarypovertywas(i)highinNigeriain2019and(ii)veryheterogeneouslydistributedacrossNigerianstates;and(iii)isintegratedasonecom-ponentoftheproposedwell-beingindicator.Thepaperaimstoimproveglobalmultidimensionalpovertymeasuresbymakingthemmoreconsistentwithpreferencetheoryandbyincorporatingthedirectimpactofmortality,whichdeprivesindividualsofthemostimportantfunctioning. ThispaperisaproductoftheDevelopmentResearchGroup,DevelopmentEconomicsandthePovertyandEquityGlobalPractice.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebathttp://www.worldbank.org/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatbdecerf@worldbank.org. ThePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatesthefindingsofworkinprogresstoencouragetheexchangeofideasaboutdevelopmentissues.Anobjectiveoftheseriesistogetthefindingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentationsarelessthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeam ReconceptualizingGlobalMultidimensionalPovertyMeasurement,withIllustrationonNigerianData1 BenoitDecerf2andKikeFonton3 1WearegratefultoDeonFilmer,LainJonathanandTaraVishwanathforhelpfuldiscussionsandsuggestions.WethankBerkOzlerandAartKraaywhocommentedonanearlierversionofthispaper.WethankalltheparticipantsataninternalseminaroftheWorldBankandinparticularJedFriedman,ChristophLakner,DanielMalher.WearealsothankfultothecodereviewersSamihFerrah,AnisurBali,MuhsineSenart,fortheirinvaluablehelpinreviewingtheanalysiscodescompiledwithinthisframework.WethankMariaReyesRetanafromtheWBreproducibilityteamforherefforts.Allerrorsremainours.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthorandshouldnotbeattributedinanymannertotheWorldBank,toitsaffiliatedorganizations,ortomembersofitsBoardofExecutiveDirectorsorthecountriestheyrepresent.E-mailaddress:bdecerf@worldbank.org. 2WorldBank. 3UniversitéGastonBergerdeSaint-Louis&GhentUniversity. Section1:Motivation Well-beingindicatorsareimportanttoolsinanydevelopmentagenda.Theseindicatorsallowmonitoringprogressandprovidethebasisforevidence-basedpolicymaking.Theyarenecessarytoallocatebudgetswherewell-beingislowest.Theyhelpidentifywhichpolicyisbestsuitedtoalleviatethemostpressingneeds. Intheory,multidimensionalpovertymeasures(MPMs)constituteanappealingtypeofwell-beingindicator.Thereasonisthattheycansimultaneouslyaccountforthemulti-dimensionalnatureofwell-beingandfortheunequaldistributionofwell-being.InthedecadesfollowingWorldWarII,averagemonetaryaggregateslikeGDPpercapitawerethemainstreamindicatorsusedtomonitordevelopment.TwomaincriticismshavebeenraisedagainstGDPpercapita(HicksandStreeten,1979;Fleurbaey,2009).First,GDPpercapitadoesnotaccountfortheunequaldistributionofconsumptioninthepopulation.Themainresponsefrompolicymakerstothis“distributional”concernhasbeenthedevelopmentandadoptionofmonetarypovertyindicators(Ravallion,2015).Second,monetaryindicatorsprovideatoonarrowcoverageofhumanwell-beingbecausetheyentirelyignorekeynon-monetarydimensionsofwell-being.Inprinciple,MPMscanaccountforboththe“distributional”and“dimensional”concerns. Amongthedifferenttypesofwell-beingindicatorsthataccountforboththe“distributionalconcern”andthe“dimensionalconcern”,4MPMsstandoutbecausetheyarewidelyusedinpractice.MPMshaveforinstancebeenadoptedasofficialindicatorsbydozensofcountries(Unicef,2021).MPMshavealsobeenadoptedtotrackprogressatthegloballevel.Thetwohighest-profileglobalMPMsaretheWorldBank’