Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights

CollectiveManagementofCopyrightandRelatedRightsThirdedition CollectiveManagementofCopyrightandRelatedRights Thirdedition ThisworkislicensedunderCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International. Theuserisallowedtoreproduce,distribute,adapt,translateandpubliclyperformthispublication,includingforcommercialpurposes,withoutexplicitpermission,providedthatthecontentisaccompaniedbyanacknowledgementthatWIPOisthesourceandthatitisclearlyindicatedifchangesweremadetotheoriginalcontent. Suggestedcitation:WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)(2022).CollectiveManagementofCopyrightandRelatedRights,thirdediton.Geneva:WIPO.DOI10.34667/tind.47101 Adaptation/translation/derivativesshouldnotcarryanyofficialemblemorlogo,unlesstheyhavebeenapprovedandvalidatedbyWIPO.PleasecontactusviatheWIPOwebsitetoobtainpermission. Foranyderivativework,pleaseincludethefollowingdisclaimer:“TheSecretariatofWIPOassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilitywithregardtothetransformationortranslationoftheoriginalcontent.” WhencontentpublishedbyWIPO,suchasimages,graphics,trademarksorlogos,isattributedtoathird-party,theuserofsuchcontentissolelyresponsibleforclearingtherightswiththerightholder(s). Toviewacopyofthislicense,pleasevisithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 AnydisputearisingunderthislicensethatcannotbesettledamicablyshallbereferredtoarbitrationinaccordancewithArbitrationRulesoftheUnited NationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)theninforce.Thepartiesshallbeboundbyanyarbitrationawardrenderedasaresultofsucharbitrationasthefinaladjudicationofsuchadispute. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofWIPOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ThispublicationisnotintendedtoreflecttheviewsoftheMemberStatesortheWIPOSecretariat. ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWIPOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ©WIPO,2022 Firstpublished1997 Secondedition2002 Thirdedition2022 WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization34,chemindesColombettes,P.O.Box18CH-1211Geneva20,Switzerland WIPOPublicationNo.855E/22ISBN:978-92-805-3464-1(print) ISBN:978-92-805-3465-8(online) Attribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)Cover:GettyImages/©megaflopp; ©ppengcreative;©serg3d;©Floriana Tableofcontents Foreword7 Abouttheauthor8 Acknowledgments9 Preface10 Chapter1Raisond’être,corefunctionsandvariousmodelsof collectivemanagement13 Introductoryremarks13 Establishingthefirstauthors’societiesandtheemergenceofafullyfledgedcollective managementsystem15 Broadeningthescopeofanddiversifyingcollectivemanagement18 Determiningtheconstitutingfeaturesof–andthedifficultyofdefining–CMOs21 Chapter2WIPOactivitiesinthefieldofcollectivemanagement28 Introductoryremarks28 ModelstatutesforCMOs29 Intensiveanalysisoftheissuesofcollectivemanagement30 PublicationofabookonCollectiveAdministrationofCopyrightandNeighboringRights31 ProposalsfortreatyprovisionsoncollectivemanagementduringthepreparationoftheWIPO InternetTreaties32 SevilleInternationalForumonexerciseandmanagementofrightsinthedigitalenvironment33 PublicationofthebookonCollectiveManagementofCopyrightandRelatedRights34 WIPO’sCopyrightManagementDivision:ambitions,projectsandgrowingscopeofactivities34 Richresourcesforcapacitybuildingandtraining35 WIPO’sGoodPracticeToolkitforCMOs36 Collectivemanagementinfrastructuresolutions37 Chapter3Collectivemanagementandtheinternationaltreatieson copyrightandrelatedrights,andtheroleofgovernments40 Introductoryremarks40 Generalobligationstoundertakemeasuresfortheapplication,andtogiveeffectto theprovisions,ofthetreatiesoncopyrightandrelatedrights41 Suggested“dos”and“don’ts”42 Mandatory,presumption-basedandextendedcollectivemanagement44 Collectivemanagementandtheobligationtograntnationaltreatment44 Chapter4Structuralissuesofcollectivemanagement:monopolyandcompetition,mono-andmulti-repertoires,cooperationandcoalitions49 Introductoryremarks49 CMOsasnaturalmonopolies49 Collectivemanagementandcompetition:anoverview51 HowmayCMOscompetewitheachother?52 Applicabilityofcompetitionrulestothecollectivemanagementofexclusiverights53 Internationalcopyrightnormsrelatedtocompetitionaspectsofcollectivemanagement54 CompetitionandnationallawsrecognizingCMOsasnaturalmonopolies56 Conditionstobefulfilledinanaturalmonopolysituation,theimpactofuncontrolledcompetition andthemanagementofrightsintheabsenceofanaturalmonopoly60 Prohibitionofconcertedpracticesandcollectivemanagement623 4Oneorganizationorseparateorganizationstomanagedifferentrights? Cooperationand“coalitions”betweenCMOs66 Managingtherightofperformersandproducersofphonogramstoasingleequitableremuneration69 Chapter5Voluntary,presumption-based,extendedandmandatory collectivemanagement82 Introductoryremarks82 “Individualexercise”vs.non-collectivemanagementofrights?82 Voluntarycollectivemanagement85 Limitedscopeofexclusiverightsforwhichman