Collective Management of Text and Image-Based Works

CollectiveManagementofTextandImage-BasedWorks CollectiveManagementofTextandImage-BasedWorks ThisworkislicensedunderCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International. Theuserisallowedtoreproduce,distribute,adapt,translateandpubliclyperformthispublication,includingforcommercialpurposes,withoutexplicitpermission,providedthatthecontentisaccompaniedbyanacknowledgementthatWIPOisthesourceandthatitisclearlyindicatedifchangesweremadetotheoriginalcontent. Suggestedcitation:WIPO(2023).CollectiveManagementofTextandImage-basedWorks.Geneva:WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.DOI:10.34667/tind.47985 Adaptation/translation/derivativesshouldnotcarryanyofficialemblemorlogo,unlesstheyhavebeenapprovedandvalidatedbyWIPO.PleasecontactusviatheWIPOwebsitetoobtainpermission. Foranyderivativework,pleaseincludethefollowingdisclaimer:“TheSecretariatofWIPOassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilitywithregardtothetransformationortranslationoftheoriginalcontent.” WhencontentpublishedbyWIPO,suchasimages,graphics,trademarksorlogos,isattributedtoathirdparty,theuserofsuchcontentissolelyresponsibleforclearingtherightswiththerightsholder(s). Toviewacopyofthislicense,pleasevisithttps://creativecommworg/licenses/by/4.0 AnydisputearisingunderthislicensethatcannotbesettledamicablyshallbereferredtoarbitrationinaccordancewithArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)theninforce.Thepartiesshallbeboundbyanyarbitrationawardrenderedasaresultofsucharbitrationasthefinaladjudicationofsuchadispute. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofWIPOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ThispublicationisnotintendedtoreflecttheviewsoftheMemberStatesortheWIPOSecretariat. ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWIPOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ©WIPO,2023 Firstpublished2005 WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization 34,chemindesColombettes P.O.Box18 CH-1211Geneva20Switzerland ISBN:978-92-805-3492-4(print) ISBN:978-92-805-3493-1(online) Attribution4.0International (CCBY4.0) Cover:Unsplash/©ArifRiyanto;GettyImages/@whyframestudio Contents Abouttheauthor6 Acknowledgments7 Introduction8 Awell-functioningcopyrightsystem10 1Publishingasacorecopyrightindustry12 Developmentsinthemarketplace12 Howiscopyrightmanagedinthepublishingsector?13 Theroleofcollectivemanagement14 2Collectivemanagementoftextand image-basedworks15 DevelopmentofCMOsovertime15 RROsasspecializedCMOs16 CollaborationbetweenotherCMOsand specializedRROs17 3Legislativeframework22 Internationallegislation22 EuropeanUnionlegislation25 Nationallegislations26 Privatecopyingremuneration27 4Stipulationsoncollectivemanagementofrights29 EuropeanUnionlegislation30 4DifferentoperationalmodelsforRROs32 Differentsolutionsfordifferentusageareas32 Voluntarycollectivelicensing33 Supportmechanismsforvoluntarycollectivelicensing34 Legallicensesandusageareas38 Privatecopyingandreprographylevyfortext andimage-basedworks40 5EstablishmentandgovernanceofanRRO42 EstablishmentofanewRRO42 Theroleofauthorsandpublishers43 Organizationalform,statutesandmandates44 Internalandexternalcontrol46 6PracticaloperationsofanRRO–from licensingtodistribution49 Monitoringtheuseofworks49 Licensingareas50 Tariffstructures52 Distributionofremuneration53 IFRROastheinternationalorganizationthatunites CollectiveManagementofTextandImage-BasedWorks theRROs57 7Separatelegislativeissuesrelatedtotext andimage-basedworks61 Publiclendingright61 Publicationsforblindandvisuallyimpairedpersons63 Orphanworksandout-of-commerceworks65 Presspublishers’right66 8Evolvingperspectives 68 5 Understandingmarketneeds 68 Keepingtrackofdevelopmentsintechnology 71 Solutionscombininglicensesandcontent 73 Licensingbeyondtextandimages 74 9Inconclusion 76 Endnotes 77 Tableofcontents Abouttheauthor Ms.TarjaKoskinen-Olssonhassolidexperienceofcollectivemanagementofcopyrightandrelatedrightsindifferentcreativesectors,bothinFinlandandindifferentpartsoftheworld. Startingwithcollectivemanagementofrightsinthemusicsector,shecontinuedtobuildappropriatesolutionsforthetextandimageandaudiovisualsectorsinFinland,whereshefunctionedastheCEOofKOPIOSTO,thejointcopyrightorganizationofthecountry. SheservedasChairpersonoftheInternationalFederationofReproductionRightsOrganisations(IFRRO)inthe1990sandlateronastheHonoraryPresidentofthefederation. Shenowdevoteshertimetodiscussingappropriatesolutionswithpolicymakersandpractitionersindevelopingandleast-developedcountries,workingasInternationalAdviserofOlsson&KoskinenConsulting. 6| Acknowledgments IthankMs.CarolineMorgan,ChiefExecutiveandSecretaryGeneraloftheInternationalFederationofReproductionRightsOrganisations(IFRRO)forherinvaluablecollaboration,andthemembersofIFRROforprovidingexamplesofoperationalsystemsintheircountries.Thesehighlighthowcollectivemanagementoftextandimage-b