推进SDG 9在危机时期的进展：聚焦阿拉伯地区的基础设施

Advancing SDG 9 intimes of crisis: a focuson infrastructure inthe Arab region Background note Strong mobilebroadbandcoveragefor 3G,but gaps in4G and 5G Official flowsfor infrastructure Maritimefreight Air passengers927.2billionpassenger-kilometres in 2024,a 26% increasefrom 2017 1.6billion tonsin 2024,risingby 23%from 2015 dropped 12%between 2015and 2023 Infrastructure is a critical enabler ofeconomic growth, social inclusion andregional integration, particularly in theArab region where geography, tradecorridors and energy systems linknational development trajectories toglobal markets. Maritime freight volumes have showna moderate increase over the past decade,rising by 23percent from their 2015 valueto reach 1.6billion tons in 2024. Total official flows for infrastructure to theregion dropped by 12percent between 2015and 2023. Following a sharp drop during COVID-19,air passenger volumes strongly recovered,reaching 927.2billion passenger-kilometresin 2024, an almost 26percent increasefrom 2017 levels. Mobile broadband coverage is high for 3Gbut drops for newer technologies, revealinga gap in access to 4G and especially 5Gcompared with global averages. Baseline assessment passenger-kilometres reaching 927.2billionin 2024, largely owing to the rapid resumptionof international air routes.2Significantrebounds were observed in several GulfCooperation Council (GCC) countries, whichaccount for close to 90percent of totalair passenger-kilometres for the region.Overall, passenger-kilometres in GCCcountries increased from 729.9billion in 2019to 818.6billion in 2024. Arab middle-incomecountries3also experienced notable Develop quality, reliable, sustainableand resilient infrastructure (target9.1) Air passenger volumes(indicator9.1.2) inthe Arab region, measured in passenger-kilometres, declined sharply in 2020 toaround 263billion,1down from 818.2billionin 2019, because ofCOVID-19travelrestrictions. This contraction was followedby a strong but uneven recovery acrossArab countries from 2022 onwards, with recoveries. Egypt, which accounts for thelargest share of air passenger volumesamong middle-income countries (aroundtwo-fifths), saw passenger-kilometresrise from 26.4billion in 2019 to 41.8billionin 2024, and Morocco from 20.4billion to24.8billion, while Jordan slightly exceededitspre-pandemiclevels. In contrast, leastdeveloped countries and countries affectedby conflict or instability4generally recordedlower air passenger volumes, slowerrecoveries and continued data gaps. and intensity of port infrastructure use ratherthan unique trade flows. Container port traffic(indicator9.1.2),measured in twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU), expanded with Arab ports handling58million TEU in 2023, up from 49.4millionTEU in 2015.8These indicators point to theimportance of resilient maritime infrastructurein the Arab region, while also underscoringits exposure to geopolitical shocks affectingcritical maritime corridors. Regional criseshave impacted port traffic, increasingvolatility, congestion and costs, thusreshaping traffic patterns and port utilization.9 Maritime freight volumes(indicator9.1.2)in the Arab region rose from 1.3billion tonsin 2015 to 1.6billion tons in 2024,5reflectingpost-pandemicrecovery and the region’scontinued centrality in global markets.In 2024, the region accounted for around13percent of global maritime freightvolumes from a global total of 12.1billiontons. Disruptions to traffic through the SuezCanal and escalating insecurity in the RedSea during the period 2023–2024 led to thererouting of vessels onto longer routesaround the Cape of Good Hope, reducingtransit volumes through key regionalchokepoints while increasing voyagedistances and costs.6 Facilitate sustainable and resilientinfrastructure development (target9.a) In 2023, the Arab region received7.7percent oftotal official internationalsupport to infrastructure,namely officialdevelopment assistance and other officialflows (indicator9.a.1). However, that totaldecreased from $6.6billion in 2015 to$5.8billion in 2023.10 At the country level, change has not beenuniform and is highly context-specific. Thesharpest decline was observed in officialflows for infrastructure to the Sudan, fallingfrom a peak of $392.5million in 2021 to lessthan $0.5million in 2023, reflecting the impactof conflict, institutional disruption and theresulting inability to plan and implement Complementingtrade-basedmeasures,freight loaded and unloaded(indicator9.1.2)reached approximately 2billion metric tonsin the Arab region in 2023, increasing from1.8billion tons in 2015,7highlighting the scale infrastructure projects. A reduction of around74percent was recorded in Iraq between2015 and 2023, signalling shifts in financingmodalities and changing donor engagement.Contrastingly, in other countries affectedby crisis, official flows increased, such asin Libya and the Syrian Arab Republic thatrecorded a significant percentage increaseover the same period, albeit from