高等教育中的国际学生：澳大利亚、加拿大、法国、德国、荷兰和英国的趋势、挑战和政策应对的比较分析

International Students inHigherEducation A comparative analysis oftrends, challenges andpolicy responsesinAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, theNetherlandsandtheUnited Kingdom International Studentsin Higher Education A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRENDS,CHALLENGES AND POLICY RESPONSESIN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, FRANCE, GERMANY,THE NETHERLANDS AND THE UNITED KINGDOM This work is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD, and does not necessarily reflect theofficial views of OECD Member countries. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. OECD (2026),International Students in Higher Education: A comparative analysis of trends, challenges and policy responses inAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Higher Education, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/005ff28d-en. ISBN 978-92-64-76904-5 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-65165-4 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-34753-3 (HTML) Higher EducationISSN 2616-9169 (print)ISSN 2616-9177 (online) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword More people than everbeforeare choosing tomove fromtheir home country to pursue education abroad.This report provides a comparative analysis of trends, challenges and policy responsesrelated tointernationalstudents in six leading study destinations:Australia,Canada,France,Germany,theNetherlands and the United Kingdom. Thesesix countries were selected among OECD member countriesbecause they have all seenstrong growth in international enrolment over the last decade,have ahighshare of international students in overall enrolmentand have several shared policy challenges andcomparablepolicyresponses. International students are a symbol, and an important part,ofvibrant, innovative and globally connectedhighereducation systems.Across Australia,Canada,France,Germany,the Netherlands and theUnitedKingdom, international enrolments expandedsubstantiallyover the last decade (2013–2023). WhiletheCOVID‑19 pandemic temporarily slowed arrivals,countries recovered and even exceededpre‑pandemic enrolment levels by 2023.In the years since(2023-2025),Australia,Canada,theNetherlands and the UnitedKingdom have recalibrated their policiesin relation tointernational students,whileFrance and Germanymaintainedpolicies to attract and retain more international students.This reportcaptures emerging evidence of slowing international enrolments and of reduced issuance of studyvisas/permits in thesecountries.Itanalyseshow these countries worked to attractincreasingnumbers ofinternational studentsandhow some are now reconsidering earlier policies,as well as thechallengesinternational students face and howdifferentstakeholdersareresponding. This publicationwas prepared by the HigherEducationPolicyteam within the Directorate for Educationand Skills aspart ofthe programme of work of the OECD’s Education Policy Committee (EDPC). Thereport draws on harmonised international data collected by the OECD–in particular indicators collectedfor Education at Glance–information from a policy survey carried out bytheInternational MigrationDivisionin the OECD’sDirectorate forEmployment, Labour and Social Affairsand deskresearchanalysingnationaldata,surveyreports and relevant academic literature. This evidence helpedto situate headlinetrends within a wider policy context spanningthe fields ofhigher education, migration, foreign affairs andemployment.The project was carried out b