替代燃料车辆在滚装船上安全运输的技术和法规审查（STARRS）研究

Date:14/11/25 About this study: This report was commissioned by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) underFramework ServiceContract2025/EMSA/2024/OP/0033. Authors: Eric De Carvalho (BV), Vladislav Sidorenkov-Duprez (BV), Anna Karlsson (RISE), Magnus Arvidson (RISE), JohanAnderson (RISE), Maria Quant (RISE). EMSA Review Panel: Lanfranco Benedetti (EMSA), Mónica Ramalho (EMSA). Recommended citation: European Maritime Safety Agency (2025),Safe Transport of Alternative Fuel Vehicles on Ro-Ro Ships (STARRS)study–Technical and Regulatory Review, EMSA, Lisbon. Legal notice: Neither theEuropean Maritime Safety Agency(EMSA)nor anythird partyacting on behalf of the Agency isresponsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice1: The contents of this reportmay be reproduced, adapted and/or distributed, totally or in part, irrespective of themeans and/or the formats used, provided that EMSAis always acknowledged as the original source of the material.Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. Citations may be made from such material without prior permission, provided the source is always acknowledged. The above-mentioned permissionsdo notapply toelements within this reportwhere the copyright lies with a thirdparty. In such cases,permission for reproduction must be obtained from the copyright holder. This report and any associated materials are available online atwww.emsa.europa.eu ©European Maritime Safety Agency 2025 Document History Abstract This report isdevelopedas a part of theEuropean Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) “Safe Transport of AFVs onRo-Ro Ships” (STARRS) study. The main nature of theworkisto provide scientific and technical knowledge on firesafety of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) onboard of ships by carrying out a review of the state-of-the art,complemented by an experimental and numerical campaign.The final outcome of the study shall be to providerecommendations for further industry guidance andinput to the development ofInternational Maritime Organization(IMO)relevant instruments. This report is the result of the first part of the study.First, itprovidesan overview of the regulatory landscapegoverning the safe transportation of AFVs, including a review of regulations, rules and guidelines across bothmaritime and non-maritime domains.Then, the state-of-the-art of experimental findings on fire safety of AFVs in ro-ro spaces, as well as prior research on numerical modelling and simulations, were reviewed and summarized.Finally,conclusionsfrom the reviewarepresented,including asummary of the scientific and technical knowledgeidentifiedin the form ofa mapping.The resultsof the reviewswill serve as technical justification for thedevelopment of recommendations in the upcoming parts of the STARRSstudy. Executive summary The transport industry is responsible for one fifth of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. The European countriesare working towards a fossil-independent vehicle fleet by 2030. This goal aligns with the EU’s ambitious targets toincrease the share of renewable energy in the road transport sector. According to the new regulations, “RED III”adopted in 2023, at least 29% of the final energy consumption in the transport sector must come from renewablesources by 2030(NOW GmbH, 2025). Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) such as electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogenfuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and biofuel-powered vehicles, produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissionscompared to traditional fossil fuel vehicles, which is a key to achieve a fossil-independent vehicle fleet. As the number of AFVs grows, there is a growing need of understanding and tackling the challenges of safetransport of the vehicles, where ro-ro ships are an important component. These ships are designed to carryvehicles and cargo which can be rolled on and rolled off. This design, however, creates large cargo spacesonboard, which can provide ample oxygen for a fire to sustain and spread, as there is no fire partition vertically. A fire in a ro-ro cargo space is an extremely challenging situation. Each vehicle type, with its unique condition-new, used, or damaged-presents distinct safety hazards for the ship. Addressing these challenges is essential toensure the safe and efficient transport of vehicles. AFVs are relatively new and imply other hazards than regularvehicles; society is still learning how to handle them safely, supporting the broader goal of transitioning to a fossil-independent vehicle fleet. Numerous research projects and technical studies have been conducted to enhance the understanding of fires onro-ro ships. In FIRESAFE (2016), ro-ro ship fire safety was addressed by quantifying different fire protectionmeasures for ro-ro spaces, with a clear focus on fire initiated by electrical failure and malfunction of the drenchersystem. In the EU project LASH FIRE, areas from fire prevention to containment of fire were cover