住宅能源使用：住宅能源使用的改善如何有助于加快获得清洁空气（英）2026

How Improvements in ResidentialEnergy Use Contribute toAccelerating Access to Clean Air Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect theviews of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data includedin this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepanciesin the information or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and otherinformation shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The WorldBank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only andare not intended to constitute legal, securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding theappropriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of any type. Some of the organizations of TheWorld Bank Group or their affiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice or servicesto, or otherwise have a financial interest in, certain of the companies and parties named herein.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver ofthe privileges and immunities of any of the organizations of The World Bank Group, all of whichare specifically reserved. Rights and permissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given and all further permissionsthat may be required for such use (as noted herein) are acquired. The World Bank Group doesnot warrant that the content contained in this work will not infringe on the rights of third partiesand accepts no responsibility or liability in this regard. All queries on rights and licenses should beaddressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Acknowledgements This report contributes to the World Bank flagship report “Accelerating Access to Clean Air for aLivable Planet” and focuses on the residential sector energy use. The significance of this reportstems from the critical role residential energy use plays in ambient air quality. The dispersednature of clean cooking and residential space heating make this a challenging area, compound bythe scale of the challenge with over 2 billion people globally, lacking access to clean cooking andwidespread use of solid fuels in residential heating. This report was prepared by a World Bank team led by Sandeep Kohli, and consisting of ElenaStrukova Golub, Clemence Dryvers, Ushanjani Gollapudi, Hrishikesh Prakash Patel, Luiz GabrielSimões, David Daniel Lopez Soto, Shraddha Suresh, and Uju Dim. The report benefited fromcontributions and advice provided by Tamara Babayan, Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack, andJas Singh. The team is grateful to colleagues who gave of their time to offer valuable insights andsuggestions when reviewing this work. The report’s reviewers include Rhedon Begolli, KatharinaGassner, and Yabei Zhang. The work was supervised by Demetrios Papathanasiou, Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius, and Rahul Kitchlu. It was edited by Jennifer Stastny and designed by Mariaan van Zyl. Contents 1.Context11.1 Background12.Clean Cooking82.1 Ambient air pollution and lack of access to clean cooking82.2 Where clean cooking meets clean air92.3 Poverty and air pollution vulnerability112.4 Clean cooking technologies and clean air: trade-offs and perspectives113.Residential Space Heating143.1. Air pollution and space heating in Europe and Central Asia143.2 Boiler efficiency and fuel type considerations173.3 Barriers to scaling up sustainable heating in the residential sector184. Financing Mechanisms20 Annex A:Examples of World Bank Air Quality Projects 22 List of Figures Figure 3.1.Estimated building sector space heating supply in Europe andCentral Asia in terawatt-hour (TWh), by fuel14 Figure 3.2.Distribution of dwellings by type of fuel used for space heating15 Figure 3.3.Estimated building sector PM2.5, NOx, and SOx emissionsin Europe and Central Asia, by fuel, from individual heating systems16 Figure 3.4.Annual average PM2.5 exposure, mortality due to air pollution,and welfare cost due to air pollution17 List of Tables Table 3.1.Emission factor by boiler type and fuel (in grams per gigajoule of input [g/GJ]18 1. Context 1.1 Background Globally, more than 3.3 billion people have average annual particulate matter less than 2.5μm indiameter (PM2.5)exposure levels that are higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s)Interim Target 2 of 25μg/m³, causing seriou