2030年全球营养目标：贫血简介

diseases. Infections can impair nutrient absorption andmetabolism (for example, malaria orascariasis) or lead tonutrient loss (for example, schistosomiasis orhookworm 0.1% of global income(7). The calculation is based on thecombined gross national income (GNI) of all countries for Using Nigeria as an example, the economic cost ofanaemia can reach up to 1.7% of GNI (US$ 7.8 billion)for anaemia in children, and 0.7% (US$ 3.2 billion) foranaemia in adolescent girls and women(7). It is alsoestimated that donor disbursements for scaling up priority Inherited red blood cell disorders, such as sickle celldisease and thalassaemia, are important contributors toanaemia in certain regions, particularly in areas wheremalaria is or has been endemic. Screening for these The causes of anaemia are complex There are multiple causes of anaemia, includingmicronutrient deficiencies, infections, inflammation,chronic diseases, and inherited red blood cell disorders.These determinants are exacerbated by immediate and Anaemia may result from regular menstrual bloodlosses and from blood loss during and after childbirth,particularly in cases of postpartum haemorrhage(11, 12).A study based on data from 29 countries between 2010and 2011 suggests that women with severe anaemia face The primary causes of anaemia vary considerably.However, iron deficiency is typically the most commoncause, accounting for anywhere from 10% to over 60% ofanaemia cases(7-10). Iron deficiency anaemia is largelydue to insufficient iron in the normal diet, but it canalso result from conditions that impair the absorption Infections such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, hookwormand schistosomiasis are significant contributors to © WHO / Badru Katumba Box 1. World Health Organization definition of anaemia in women of reproductive age Anaemia is a condition in which the number and size of red blood cells, or the haemoglobin concentration, fall belowan established cut-off. The cut-off is <120 g/L for non-pregnant women, <110 g/L for pregnant women in the first or The world is falling behind in its effortsto achieve the target We are far from achieving a 50% reduction of anaemia inwomen of reproductive age. Recent prevalence estimateshighlight concerning stagnation from 2012 to 2023. In2012, the prevalence of anaemia in women 15-49 years ofage was estimated to be 27.6%, and by 2023 the estimateshow a stagnation of 30.7%(1). As shown inFig. 1, nocountries are untouched and the WHO African Region and Anaemia is a persistent global health issue, particularlyaffecting young children, pregnant women, and women ofreproductive age. In 2019, an estimated 39.8% of childrenaged 6-59 months (268 million) were affected by anaemia. Source: adapted from (1). Box 2: The Philippines has achieved a remarkable reduction in anaemia prevalence The Philippines has shown a remarkable reduction in the prevalence of anaemia inamong women 15-49 years of age: from 22% in 2008 to 12% in 2023(1, 14).Progress has been attributed to investment in poverty alleviation programmes,women’s education, women’s increased purchasing power, and increasedfunding for healthcare. Specific actions included a 62% predicted changein non-health sector funding which aimed at alleviating poverty throughconditional cash transfers and investment in women’s education plusa 44% predicted change in direct healthcare sector funding to investacross sectors to reduce the anaemia burden. These focused mainlyon improvements in reproductive health, including providing modernfamily planning methods, and improvements in healthcare utilizationreflected through expanded coverage of antenatal care visits, likelyimproving access to health counselling and iron-folic acid adherence.The improvements in anaemia prevalence were also credited to effectiveprogramme design and implementation such as targeted healthcare access and deliveryprogrammes for vulnerable or historically underserved populations, including indigenous peoples, elderly women, lactating women and impoverished households. It was further strengthened by policies and programmes designed witha system focus through broad social spending programming and healthcare expansion(15).Lastly, these programmeswere supported through cross-sector coordination to improve financing, regulation, procurement, and human capacity ·Accelerating anaemia reduction: a comprehensiveframework for action(30).WHO consolidated andpublished the evidence on direct and indirect causesand risk factors of anaemia and put forward ways to What has happened since 2012 Since the launch of theComprehensive implementationplan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition (17),WHO has produced a large portfolio of guidance onpreventing, diagnosing and managing anaemia. The prevalence of and challenges to addressing anaemia havebeen documented globally and in selected WHO regions(18-21). Interventions centre around the prevention andmanagement of infections, primarily malaria(22)andsoil-tran