2023、2024年人类发展报告

REPORT2023/2024 Reimaginingcooperationin apolarizedworld REPORT2023/2024 Reimaginingcooperationin apolarizedworld Copyright@2024 BytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme1UNPlaza,NewYork,NY10017USA Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorpermission. Salesno.: E.24.III.B.2 PrintISBN: 9789210031028 PDFISBN: 9789213588703 PrintISSN: 0969-4501 OnlineISSN: 2412-3129 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryandLibraryofCongress Generaldisclaimers.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheHumanDevelopmentReportOffice(HDRO)oftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)concerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Dottedanddashedlinesonmapsrepresentapproximateborderlinesforwhichtheremaynotyetbefullagreement. Thefindings,analysis,andrecommendationsofthisReport,aswithpreviousReports,donotrepresenttheofficialpositionoftheUNDPorofanyoftheUNMemberStatesthatarepartofitsExecutiveBoard.Theyarealsonotnecessarilyendorsedbythosementionedintheacknowledgmentsorcited. ThementionofspecificcompaniesdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyUNDPinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. SomeofthefiguresincludedintheanalyticalpartofthereportwhereindicatedhavebeenestimatedbytheHDROorothercontributorstotheReportandarenotnecessarilytheofficialstatisticsoftheconcernedcountry,areaorterritory,whichmayusealternativemethods.AllthefiguresincludedintheStatisticalAnnexarefromofficialsources.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbytheHDROtoverifytheinformationcontainedinthispublication.However,thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied. Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshalltheHDROandUNDPbeliablefordamagesarisingfromitsuse. Thesignedcontributionsinboxesandspotlightsrepresenttheopinionsoftheauthorsandaretheproductofindependentresearchoftheirresponsibility.TheydonotrepresentnecessarilythepositionoropinionsoftheHumanDevelopmentReportOfficeorUNDP.Anyerrorsoromissionsaretheauthors’responsibility.Theyarepresentedinthereporttostimulatedebateandtoencouragefurtherdialoguebetweenresearchersanddecisionmakers. PrintedintheUSA,byAGS,anRRDonnelleyCompany,onForestStewardshipCouncilcertifiedandelementalchlorine-freepapers.Printedusingvegetable-basedink. The2023/2024HumanDevelopmentReport HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2023/2024 Breakingthegridlock Reimaginingcooperationinapolarizedworld HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2023/2024 Team Directorandleadauthor PedroConceição Researchandstatistics CeciliaCalderón,PratibhaGautam,MoumitaGhorai,DivyaGoyal,Yu-ChiehHsu,ChristinaLengfelder,BrianLutz,TasneemMirza,RehanaMohammed,JosefinPasanen,FernandaPavezEsbry,AntonioReyesGonzález, SomKumarShrestha,AjitaSingh,HeribertoTapiaandYanchunZhang Digital,dataandknowledgemanagement,communications,operations,NationalHumanDevelopmentReports NasantuyaChuluun,JonHall,SeockhwanBryceHwang,NicoleIgloi,AdmirJahic,MohammadKumailJawadi,FeJuarezShanahan,MinjiKwag,AnaPorras,StanislavSailing,MariumSoomroandSajiaWais iii HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2023/2024 The2023/2024HumanDevelopmentReportAdvisoryBoard Co-chairsTharmanShanmugaratnam PresidentoftheRepublic ofSingapore MembersOluAjakaiye ExecutiveChairman, AfricanCentreforSharedDevelopmentCapacityBuilding,Nigeria DianeCoyle BennettProfessorofPublicPolicyandCo-DirectoroftheBennettInstituteforPublicPolicy,UniversityofCambridge RaviKanbur Professor, CornellUniversity AbebeShimelesHonoraryProfessor,UniversityofCapeTown;OutgoingExecutiveDirector,AfricanEconomicResearchConsortium JosephE.StiglitzUniversityProfessor,ColumbiaUniversity ScottBarrett Lenfest-EarthInstituteProfessorofNaturalResourceEconomics,ColumbiaUniversity OeindrilaDube PhilipK.PearsonProfessor,HarrisSchoolofPublicPolicy,UniversityofChicago JudithKelley Dean,DukeSanfordSchoolofPublicPolicy,DukeUniversity BelindaReyersProfessor,UniversityofPretoria;Affiliated Researcher,BeijerInstituteofEcologicalEconomics,SwedishRoyalAcademyofSciences KaushikBasu ProfessorofInternationalStudies,CornellUniversity CaiFang ChiefExpertofNationalThinkTank,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences MelissaLeachDirector,InstituteofDevelopmentStudies IlonaSzaboDeCarvalhoCo-founderandpresident,IgarapeInstitute,Brazil LauraChincilla FormerPresidentoftheRepublicofCostaRica MarcFleurbaeyResearchDirector,CNRS;Professor,ParisSchoolofEconomics;AssociateProfessor,Ecolenormalesupérieure,Paris HariniNagendra Director,ResearchCentre,andProfessorandLead,CentreforClimateChangeandSustainability,AzimPremjiUniversity KrushilWatene PeterKrausAssociateProfessorinPhilosophy,UniversityofAuckland Foreword Weliveinatightlyknitworld.Yetshared,interlinkedglobalchallenges,suchasrunawayclimatechange,areoutpacingour