贫困与缅甸家庭经济：一个正在消失的中产阶级

a DisappearingM i d d l e C l a s s A P R I L2 0 2 4 Copyright © UNDP 2024United Nations Development ProgrammeOne United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybereproduced,stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without prior permission. General disclaimersThedesignations employed andthepresentation of the material inthis publication donotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeverof the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme(UNDP) concerning the legal status ofanycountry,territory, cityorarea orof itsauthorities,or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiersorboundaries.Dottedanddashedlinesonmaps representapproximate borderlinesfor whichtheremaynot yet be fullagreement. The findings, analysis, and recommendations of thisReport do not represent the official position of theUNDP or of any of the UN Member States that arepartof its Executive Board.They are alsonotnecessarilyendorsedbythose mentioned inthe acknowledgments or cited. Some of the figures included in the analytical partofthereportwhereindicatedhavebeenestimated by the UNDP or other contributors to theReportandarenotnecessarilytheofficialstatisticsof the concerned country,area orterritory,which may use alternative methods. Allreasonable precautions have been taken to verifytheinformationcontainedinthis publication.However,thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithout warranty of any kind,eitherexpressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use ofthe material lies with the reader. In no event shalltheUNDP be liable for damages arising from itsuse. Contents The People’s Pulse Survey 2023..................................................7Data and Methodology..............................................................................8 The Status of the Household Economy.....................................10 1.Sustained economic hardship........................................................ 102.A disappearing middle class............................................................173.Budget bites: Crowding out of household humandevelopment expenditures............................................................. 214.Intensifying social consequences: exhausting copingmechanisms and alternatives........................................................ 235.Poverty................................................................................................. 266.Conclusion...........................................................................................34 Appendix Tables.............................................................................36 Tables Table 1:Summary of respondents’ information...............................................................................................9Table 2: Poverty headcount and depth at the national poverty line by state/region (%).................... 30Table 3: Child poverty headcount at the national poverty lineby state/region (%) .............................31 Figures Figure 1:Nominal income changes over surveys (%)................................................................................ 12Figure 2:State/region household income change comparison,PPS2023 and HWS-5 (%) .......... 14Figure 3:Sources of incomeby national, urban/ruralandasset quintiles ...........................................16Figure 4:Monthly income per capitabynational, rural/urbanandsocio-economic status.............17Figure 5:Monthly income per capita by state/region................................................................................ 18Figure 6:Reasons why household income has gone down (%).............................................................19Figure 7:Daily per capita total expenditure in kyats and its composition in %:by national, urban/rural, state/region and asset quintiles ...................................................... 22Figure 8:Household coping strategies by socio-economic status(%)..................................................24Figure 9:Household coping strategies by state/region(%)..................................................................... 25Figure 10:Poverty headcount and depthover timeat the national povertyline (%) ..........................27Figure 11:Vulnerability to poverty at the national poverty line (%)......................................................... 28Figure 12:Poverty headcount over time by age group at the national poverty line (%)..................... 31Figure 13:Change (2017 - 2023) in poverty headcount and poverty depthat the national poverty line in relation to conflict vulnerability (%)....................................... 33 Maps Map 1:The States and Regions of Myanmar................................................................................................. IIMap 2:2023 Poverty headcountbystate/region .............................................................