不公正的气候衡量气候变化对农村穷人、妇女和青年的影响（英）

Measuringtheimpactsofclimatechangeonruralpoor,womenandyouth Measuringtheimpactsofclimatechangeonruralpoor,womenandyouth FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRome,2024 Requiredcitation: FAO.2024.Theunjustclimate–Measuringtheimpactsofclimatechangeonruralpoor,womenandyouth.Rome.https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9680en ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Dashedlinesonmapsrepresentapproximateborderlinesforwhichtheremaynotyetbefullagreement.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ISBN978-92-5-138590-6 ©FAO,2024 Somerightsreserved.ThisworkismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercialShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Underthetermsofthislicence,thisworkmaybecopied,redistributedandadaptedfornon-commercialpurposes,providedthattheworkisappropriatelycited.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatFAOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Iftheworkisadapted,thenitmustbelicensedunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifatranslationofthisworkiscreated,itmustincludethefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththerequiredcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).FAOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.Theoriginal[Language]editionshallbetheauthoritativeedition.” DisputesarisingunderthelicencethatcannotbesettledamicablywillberesolvedbymediationandarbitrationasdescribedinArticle8ofthelicenceexceptasotherwiseprovidedherein.TheapplicablemediationruleswillbethemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganizationhttp://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rulesandanyarbitrationwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL). Third-partymaterials.Userswishingtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,areresponsiblefordeterminingwhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandforobtainingpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-partyownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser. Sales,rightsandlicensing.FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(www.fao.org/publications)andcanbepurchasedthroughpublications-sales@fao.org.Requestsforcommercialuseshouldbesubmittedvia:www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queriesregardingrightsandlicensingshouldbesubmittedto:copyright@fao.org. FrontandBackCoverPhotograph:©FAO/FahadKaizer iii ContentsFOREWORD viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x ABBREVIATIONS xi EXECUTIVESUMMARY xiii PARTI.CLIMATEVULNERABILITYINRURALAREAS:EVIDENCEONTHEROLEOFWEALTH,GENDERANDAGE 1 1.INTRODUCTION 3 2.CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK:UNDERSTANDINGHOWCLIMATECHANGEAFFECTSRURALPEOPLE 7 Whatisclimatevulnerability? 9 3.WEALTH-RELATEDDISPARITIESINCLIMATEVULNERABILITY 15 Extremeweathereventscauseconsiderableincomelossesfortheruralpoor 17 Extremeweathereventspushpoorruralhouseholdstoadoptmaladaptivecopingstrategies 18 Poorruralhouseholdsbecomemorereliantonagricultureaslong-termtemperaturesincrease 19 4.GENDERDISPARITIESINCLIMATEVULNERABILITY 23 Extremeweathereventsreducetheincomesoffemale-headedhouseholdssignificantlymorethanthoseofmale-headedhouseholds 25 Female-headedhouseholdscopewithextremeweathereventsinvariousways 27 Femaleplotmanagersareascapableasmaleplotmanagerstoadoptadaptiveagriculturalpractices,butlosemoreasaresultofextremeweatherevents 27 Womentakeonanadditionalworkburdencomparedtomenwhenextremeweathereventsoccur 29 Long-termincreasesintemperatureaffectthefarmandtotalincomesoffemale-headedhouseholdsmorethanthoseofmale-headedhouseholds 30 Long-termexposuretotemperaturerisesaffectsplotsmanagedbymenandwomeninthesamemanner,notwithstandingdifferencesinadaptivestrategies 32 5.AGE-RELATEDDISPARITIESINCLIMATEVULNERABILITY 35 Younghouseholdsleverageoff-farmincomesourcestoovercomeextremeweatherevents 36 Younghouseholdstakeadvantageofextremeweathereventstoacquirelivestock 38 Extremeweathereventsalteremploymentopportunitiesandlabourallocationsfordifferentagegroups 38 Long-termtemperaturerisespushyounghouseholdstodiversifytheirincomes 39 iv 6.PRIORITIESANDRECOMMENDATIONSFORINCLUSIVECLIMATEPOLICIES43 Moreattentionandfundingforvulnerableruralpeople43 Policyprioritiesforinclusiveclimateactionsthataddresstheneedsofruralpeople45 Promotingtheadoptionofinclusiveadaptiveactionsinfarmsystems45 Leveragingsocialprotectionprogrammes46 Tailoringextensionservicestotheneedsofvulnerablepeople47 Integratinggender-transformativemethodologies47 Enablinginc