This Viewpoint discusses the challenge faced by major rail operators in Asia in addressing the aging of their assets while also delivering capital projects. The role of effective long-term capital expenditure (capex) planning and execution is highlighted as a means of overcoming the "totex dilemma" and optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of rail operations. The report also mentions the use of digital technology in asset maintenance and monitoring, and the need for rail operators to address the reality of aging asset bases in order to optimize their operations.