新冠肺炎对撒哈拉以南非洲青少年入学率的性别影响（英）

PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10472 TheGenderedImpactsofCOVID-19onAdolescents’SchoolAttendance inSub-SaharanAfrica AnnaB.KisClaireBoxhoIsisGaddis EstelleKoussoubéLéaRouanet AfricaRegion GenderInnovationLabJune2023 PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10472 Abstract AstheCOVID-19pandemicledtoahistoricandwide-spreadshutdownofschoolsacrosstheworld,includinginSub-SaharanAfrica,thereweregeneralconcernsthatgirlswouldbedisproportionatelyaffected.ThisstudyanalyzestheeffectsofthepandemicontheschoolattendanceofadolescentgirlsandboysinsixAfricancountries.Thestudyusesindividual-leveldataonchildren’sschoolattendancecollectedaspartofhigh-frequencyphonesurveys.Contrarytoexpectations,thestudyrevealsthatthereisnoevidencetosuggestthatgendergapswidenedduringthepandemic. Ifanything,gendergapsappeartohavenarrowedinsomecountries.Furtherin-depthanalysisshowsthatwhilebeingadescendentofthehouseholdhead,havingparentswithatleastprimaryeducation,andabove-medianhouseholdwealthwereassociatedwithahigherprobabilityofschoolattendanceamongadolescentsbeforethepandemic,thesefactorslosttheirsalienceinexplainingschoolattendanceintheaftermathofthepandemic.TheseresultssuggestthatsometraditionallyprotectiveforceswereerodedduringtheCOVID-19crisis. ThispaperisaproductoftheGenderInnovationLab,AfricaRegion.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebathttp://www.worldbank.org/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatigaddis@worldbank.org. ThePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatesthefindingsofworkinprogresstoencouragetheexchangeofideasaboutdevelopmentissues.Anobjectiveoftheseriesistogetthefindingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentationsarelessthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeam TheGenderedImpactsofCOVID-19onAdolescents’SchoolAttendanceinSub-SaharanAfrica* AnnaB.Kis,ClaireBoxho,IsisGaddis,EstelleKoussoubéandLéaRouanet Keywords:Sub-SaharanAfrica,genderinequality,schoolattendance,COVID-19pandemicJELcodes:I21,I24,J16 *B.Kis:WorldBank,abkis@worldbank.org.Boxho:WorldBank,cboxho@worldbank.org.Gaddis:WorldBankandInstituteofLaborEconomics(IZA),igaddis@worldbank.org.Koussoubé:WorldBank,mkoussoube@worldbank.org.Rouanet:WorldBank,lrouanet@worldbank.org.ThispaperisaproductoftheWorldBankAfricaGenderInnovationLab,OfficeoftheChiefEconomist,AfricaRegion.WegratefullyacknowledgefundingfromtheWorldBankGroup’sUmbrellaFacilityforGenderEquality,andGlobalAffairsCanada.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBankGroup,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.Allerrorsandomissionsareourown. 1.Introduction Intheearlymonthsof2020,theworldexperiencedthelargestschoolclosureinhistory.Withinaperiodofsixweeks,fromFebruary16toApril1,2020,172countriesgloballyclosedtheirschoolsduetotheemergingCOVID-19pandemic.Sub-SaharanAfricawasnoexceptiontothistrend.ByApril1,2020,38countriesintheregionhadclosedtheirschoolsduetoCOVID-19,whileinanadditionaleightcountriesschoolswereclosedduetoascheduledacademicbreak.OnlytwoAfricancountries,BurundiandSeychelles,kepttheirschoolsfullyorpartiallyopen,respectively.1SchoolsstayedlargelyclosedinmostAfricancountriesuntilmid-September2020,afterwhichre-openingsaccelerated(Figure1).However,throughout2021andintoearly2022,schoolclosurescontinuedtobeusedasapublichealthmeasuretopromotephysicaldistancingandcurbthespreadofthepandemic.InUganda,forexample,studentswereonlyallowedbackintoclassinJanuary2022,makingitoneoftheworld’slongestpandemicschoolclosures. Figure1:SchoolclosuresinSub-SaharanAfrica,Feb16,2020,toApril1,2022 Notes:BasedonUNESCO(2022). Fromtheoutsetofthepandemic,therewereconcernsthatgirlswouldbedisproportionatelyaffectedbyCOVID-19inducedschoolclosures.AsurveyoffrontlineorganizationsinSub-SaharanAfricaconductedinMarch2020showsthat71percentofrespondentsbelievedthatgirlsweremorelikelythanboystobenegativelyaffectedbyclosedschools(Akmaletal.2020).Manyinternationalorganizationsalsoexpressedconcernsthat,inthecontextofdevelopingcountries,adolescentgirls’schoolattendanceandachievementswouldbemorenegativelyaffectedthanboys’(e.g.,Azevedoetal.2020;dePazetal.2020;GianniniandAlbrectsen2020;MalalaFund2020).AsmentionedbydePazetal(2020)aswellasUNESCO(2021),girlswereexpectedtobemorestronglyaffectedbytheincreasedburdenofunpaidworkwithinhouseholds,includinggreaterresponsibilitiesinhouseholdchoresandcaringforyoungerchildren(now 1Throughoutthispaper,AfricareferstoSub-SaharanAfrica. possiblyout-of-school),theelderlyorthesick(inincreasednumbersduetothepandemic).Ontheoth