2022年海运回顾报告

UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT REVIEW OFMARITIMETRANSPORT 2022 Navigatingstormywaters UnitedNations UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT REVIEW OFMARITIMETRANSPORT 2022 Navigating stormywaters United Nations 2022 REVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022 @2022,UnitedNations Alrightsreservedworldvide RequeststoreproduceexcerptsortophotocopyshouldbeaddressedtotheCopyrightClearanceCenteratcopyright.com. Allotherqueriesonrightsand[icences,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedto: UnitedNationsPublications 405East42r*Street NewYork,NewYork10017 UnitedStatesofAmerica Email:publicationsBun.org Website:https://shop.un.org/ Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplythe expressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusof anycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersor boundaries. MentionofanyfirmorlicensedprocessdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations. Thispublicationhasbeeneditedexternaly. UnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheUnitedNations ConferenceonTradeandDevelopment UNCTAD/RMT/2022 ISBN:978-92-1-113073-7 eISBN:978-92-1-002147-0 ISSN:0566-7682 elSSN:2225-3459 SalesNo.E.22.I.D.42 REVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TheReviewofMaritimeTransport2022waspreparedbyUNCTADundertheoverallguidanceofShamikaN.Sirimanne,DirectoroftheDivisiononTechnologyandLogisticsofUNCTAD,andunderthe coordinationofJanHofrmann,HeadoftheTradeLogisticsBranch,DivisiononTechnologyandLogistics.ReginaAsariotis,MarkAssaf,CelineBacrot,HassibaBenamara,JuanLuisCrucelegui,PoulHansen, JanHoffmann,ArgyroKepesidi,TomaszKulaga,RenaudMassenet,TeresaMoreira,AnilaPremti,LuisaRodriguez,HidenobuTokuda,PamelaUgazandFridaYoussefmadecontributionstothereport. ThereportbenefittedfromcontributionsfromofficialsfromtheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationand fromregionalcommissionsoftheUnitedNations(ECE,ECLAC,ESCAP,andESCWA):JulianAbrilGarcia, Sole,FouadlGhorra,AzharJaimurzinaDucrest,SooyeobKim,DorotaLost-Sieminska,RicardoSanchez,andLynnlan. Commentsandsuggestionsfromthefollowingrevewersaregratefulyacknowledged:HashimAbbasSyed,JulianAbrilGarcia,_TakuyaAdachi,PeterAdams,RoarAdland,StefanosAlexopoulos,Mario Crowe,LaurentDaniel,BudDar,NeilDavidson,lsmaelCobosDelgado,JandeBoer,PeterdeLangen, RolandoDiaz,ThorstenDiephaus,JuanManuelDiezOrejas,SimoneEgerton,MinsangEom,MahinFaghfouri,FredrikHaag,MarkHenderson,JamesHookham,RichardMartinHumphreys,AnneKappel, EleniKontou,JohnManners-Bell,SunhyeLee,SocratesLeptos-Bourgi,IgnacioLopezChaves,DorotaLost-Sieminska,TurlochMooney,AlanMurphy,SarahOliver,SaschaPristrom,StefanRaes,Jean-Paul Rodrigue,TorbjornRydbergh,PeterSand,ClemensSchapeler,VivekSrivastava,EmilyStausboll,StelliosStratidakis,LynnTan,AntonellaTeodoro,MalayTrivedi,PatrickVerhoeven,BrandtWagnerandTengfei Wang,ExpertsfromtheInternationalChamberofShippingreviewedChapter2. CommentsreceivedfromUNCTADdivisionsaspartoftheinternalpeerreviewprocess,aswellascommentsfromtheOfficeoftheSecretary-General,areacknowledgedwithappreciation. TheReviewwaseditedbyPeterStalker.Administrative,editing,andproofreadingsupportwasprovidedbyWendyJuan.MagaliStuderdesignedthepublication. ManagementoftheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva. SpecialthanksarealsoduetoVladislavShuvalovforreviewingthepublicationinfull. REVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022 TABLEOFCONTENTS Acknowledgements.ii Abbreviations Note..xili Foreword....XV Overview,IIAX INTERNATIONALMARITIMETRADE AInternationalmaritimetradefiows... B.Keytrendsshapingmaritimetransport.17 C.Outlook.21 D.Policyprioritiesandkeyactionareas.23 2.MARITIMETRANSPORTSERVICES.31 AModeratefieetgrowthin2021.33 B.Fleetownersfacetighterenvironmentalregulations.36 C.Shipownershipandregistration.. D.Highlevelsofshipbuildingandlessrecycling.46 E.Portandlogisticsservices.49 F.Conclusionsandpolicyconsiderations.53 3.FREIGHTRATESANDTRANSPORTCOSTS.59 A.61 B.Drybulkfreightratesreachrecordhighs68 Tankerfreightratesweakin2021butrisein2022.72 D.Summaryandpolicyconsiderations.74 4.KEYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORPORTSANDTHE SHIPPINGFLEET.79 APortcallsandtumaroundtimes.... B.Portwaitingtimeandcargohandlingperformance.85 C.LessonsfromtheTRAINFORTRADEPortManagementProgramme.92 D.Linershippingconnectivity-.96 E.ImpactofthewarinUkraine.102 F.Productivityoftheworldfleet105 G.Greenhousegasemissionsfromtheworldfeet.107 H.Summaryandpolicyconsiderations.112 5.MARITIMETRADEFACILITATION.117 ATradefacitationheipsdecongestthesupplych.119 B.Emergencyresponses:traclefacilitationforcriticalgoods122 C.Tradefacilitationforbetterportperfomance.125 D.Public-privatecollaboration.128 E.Summaryandpolicyconsiderations.131 REVIEWOFMARITIMETRANSPORT2022 6.CONSOLIDATIONANDCOMPETITIONINCONTAINERSHIPPING.135 A.137 Trendsinconsolidation... B.Impactsofconsolidationonmarkets...140 C.Policyconsiderations146 7.LEGALISSUESANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS.151 ACommerciallawimplicationsoftheCOVID-19pandemic153 B. Regulatorydevelopmentsrelatingtointernationalshipping,climatechange andotherenvironmenta