2022年亚太地区就业及社会展望报告

Asia–PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlook2022a Asia–PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlook 2022 Rethinkingsectoralstrategiesforahuman-centredfutureofwork Asia–PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlook2022 Rethinkingsectoralstrategiesforahuman-centredfutureofwork Copyright©InternationalLabourOrganization2022Firstpublished2022 PublicationsoftheInternationalLabourOrganizationenjoycopyrightunderProtocol2oftheUniversalCopyrightConvention.Nevertheless,shortexcerptsfromthemmaybereproducedwithoutauthorization,onconditionthatthesourceisindicated.Forrightsofreproductionortranslation,applicationshouldbemadetoILOPublications(RightsandLicensing),InternationalLabourOffice,CH-1211Geneva22,Switzerland,orbyemail:rights@ilo.org.TheInternationalLabourOfficewelcomessuchapplications. Libraries,institutionsandotherusersregisteredwithareproductionrightsorganizationmaymakecopiesinaccordancewiththelicencesissuedtothemforthispurpose.Visitwww.ifrro.orgtofindthereproductionrightsorganizationinyourcountry. Asia–PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlook2022:Rethinkingsectoralstrategiesforahuman-centredfutureofwork InternationalLabourOffice–Geneva:ILO,2022. ISBN:9789220381472(webpdf);9789220381465(print) https://doi.org/10.54394/EQNI6264 labourmarketanalysis/economicsector/employment/decentwork/futureofwork/Asia/Pacific/report13.01.1 ILOCataloguinginPublicationData ThedesignationsemployedinILOpublications,whichareinconformitywithUnitedNationspractice,andthepresentationofmaterialthereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheILOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,areaorterritoryorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiers. Theresponsibilityforopinionsexpressedinsignedarticles,studiesandothercontributionsrestssolelywiththeirauthors,andpublicationdoesnotconstituteanendorsementbytheILOoftheopinionsexpressedinthem. ReferencetonamesoffirmsandcommercialproductsandprocessesdoesnotimplytheirendorsementbytheILO,andanyfailuretomentionaparticularfirm,commercialproductorprocessisnotasignofdisapproval. InformationonILOpublicationsanddigitalproductscanbefoundat:www.ilo.org/publns. Coverphoto©ILOPrintedinThailand Foreword Foreword ThereisahustleandbustleinmostareasofAsiaandthePacificagainaftertwoyearsofquietstreetsandlimitedmobility.Touristsareback,restaurantsandshopsareopenandtrafficjamsinurbanareashaveresumed,withcars,buses,taxisandmotorbikesfullofdailycommuters,schoolkidsanddeliveries.Lookcloserthoughandyouwillspotshopsthatremainboardedup,many“forsale”signsonbuildings,morestreetsleepersthanusualandanincreasednumberofstreetprotests–allvisiblesignsthattheregionhasnotyetfullybouncedbackfromtheblowoftheCOVID-19pandemic. Thelimitedrecoveryisfurtherreflectedinthelabourmarketstatisticspresentedinthisreport.ThisthirdeditionofthebiennialAsia–PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlookshowsthatthenumberofpersonsworkingintheregionin2021hadnotyetsurpassedthenumberofworkersin2019.Thenumberofpersonsremainingoutsidethelabourmarketremainedinflatedaswell.TheCOVID-19crisisstandsoutincomparisontopreviouscrisesthatimpactedtheregion,namelytheAsianfinancialcrisisof1997–98andtheglobalfinancialcrisisof2007–09,astheonlyonetodisrupttherisingtrendinemploymentnumbersattheregionallevel.AndletusnotforgetthelossinworkinghoursandassociatedincomelossesexperiencedduringtheCOVID-19crisisthat,addedtothelossofjobsgiveafullerdepictionoftheimpactfelt. Thereportdiscusseswherelabourmarketsarerecovering,evenifnowconfrontedbyabarrageofnewchallengeslikeinflationandgeopoliticaltensionsthathavecreatedheadwindstoemployment-friendlymacroeconomicpoliciesandenterpriseresilience.Itmakesafirst-timeassessmentofregionalsectoralestimatestohighlightwhichsectorsaregrowingassourcesofjobs,whichareshrinkingandwhichharbouropportunitiesfor“decentwork”. OnethingthatIfindespeciallyvaluableaboutthiseditionoftheOutlookisitsreminderofthecontinueddominanceofthe“big”sourcesoflabourincomeintheregion,thesebeingagriculture,manufacturingandwholesaleandretailtrade,where60percentoftheregion’sworkforceisengaged.Onaverage,jobsinthesesectorsaremoreinformalthanformal,morelowskillthanhighskillandmorelikelytoseeworkersleftwithoutsocialprotectionorjobsecurity.Thelimitedscopefordecentworkinthesesectorsreflectsinparttheconstrainedcapacityoflabourmarketinstitutionstocoverenterprisesandworkerswithinallindustrialsectorsequallyinthenationalframeworkoflabourprotectionandemploymentpolicies.Italsohastodowiththechallengesthatworkersandmicroandsmallenterprisesinthesesectorsexperiencetoorganizethemselvesforeffectivecollectivebargaining. Knowingthisgivesusaclearstartingpointforactioninpursuitofahuman-centredrecoverythatisinclusive,sustainableandresilientintheAsiaandPacificregion.TheInternationalLabourOrganizationstandsreadytoapplyallthetoolsatourdisposaltoworkwithgovernmentsaswellasworkers’andemployers’organizationstostrengthenandexpandlabourmarketgovernancefortargetedsupporttotheworkersandenterprisesinthelargesectors.Transformingworkintodecentworkwithinallsectors,butespeciallythoseshowingthelargestdecentworkdeficits,willbringinclusiveg