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国有企业和公私伙伴关系财政管理的基础设施治理方法（英）

建筑建材2022-11-01亚开行花***

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This report by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) focuses on fiscal management in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Asia. The report highlights the importance of good governance in ensuring the effective and efficient use of public resources. It also emphasizes the need for transparency and accountability in SOEs and PPPs, as well as the importance of ensuring that these entities are financially sustainable. The report provides recommendations for policymakers and practitioners on how to improve fiscal management in SOEs and PPPs, including the need for clear policies and regulations, the use of performance-based contracts, and the strengthening of financial management systems. Overall, the report underscores the critical role of fiscal management in promoting economic development and reducing poverty in Asia.

Fiscalmanagement ₤ $ Ipsumtristique IpsLoumretrmistiqIpuesum ( L o re mIp sum Ip su mtr istiq ue 85% Loremipsum ANINFRASTRUCTUREGOVERNANCEAPPROACHTOFISCALMANAGEMENTIN STATE-OWNEDENTERPRISESANDPUBLIC–PRIVATEPARTNERSHIPS NOVEMBER2022 ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK ANINFRASTRUCTUREGOVERNANCEAPPROACHTOFISCALMANAGEMENTIN STATE-OWNEDENTERPRISESANDPUBLIC–PRIVATEPARTNERSHIPS NOVEMBER2022 ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO) ©2022AsianDevelopmentBank 6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila,PhilippinesTel+63286324444;Fax+63286362444 www.adb.org Somerightsreserved.Publishedin2022. ISBN978-92-9269-760-0(print);978-92-9269-761-7(electronic);978-92-9269-762-4(ebook) PublicationStockNo.TCS220410-2 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS220410-2 TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“country”inthisdocument,ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea. ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.Byusingthecontentofthispublication,youagreetobeboundbythetermsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsandtermsofuseathttps://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. ThisCClicensedoesnotapplytonon-ADBcopyrightmaterialsinthispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedtoanothersource,pleasecontactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial. Pleasecontactpubsmarketing@adb.orgifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttocontent,orifyouwishtoobtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesnotfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousetheADBlogo. CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundathttp://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes: Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars. ADBrecognizes“Korea”astheRepublicofKoreaand“Russia”astheRussianFederation. Printedonrecycledpaper CoverdesignbyIngridSchroder. iii Contents Table,Figures,andBoxiv Forewordv AuthorBiographiesvii Acknowledgmentsvii Abbreviationsviii 1.Introduction1 2.AsiaInfrastructureInvestmentChallenges3 3.InvestinginQualityInfrastructure9 4.SourcesofEfficiencyGapsinInfrastructureInvestment13 Public–PrivatePartnershipsasaSourceofFiscalandDebtRisk21 ActualandContingentLiabilities22 AccountingStandards—DisclosureofActualandContingentLiabilities24 5.GovernanceApproachtoManagingFiscalRisks26 IntegratedPlanningandtheBudgetRule26 SubsidiesDisguisedasGuarantees27 ManagingContingentLiabilities28 6.Conclusions30 References32 Table,Figures,andBox Table InfrastructureInvestment—EstimatesofAnnualBenefitsfromEfficiency12 andProductivityAssociatedwithQualityInfrastructure Figures 1ADB-EstimatedInfrastructureInvestmentNeedsbySector,2016–2030,at2015Prices3 2InternationalMonetaryFundPublicInvestmentManagementAssessment5 forAsiaandthePacific 3GrowthinGovernmentDebt,PercentofGrossDomesticProduct6 4ClassificationofADBDevelopingMemberCountriesBasedonLevelsofDebtDistress7 5FiscalImpulsesinDevelopingAsia,2020–20238 6BuildingthePublicInvestmentFrontier10 7PublicCapitalandInfrastructurePerformance:HybridPublicInvestmentEfficiency11 ScorebyRegion 8GovernmentandState-OwnedEnterpriseFiscalRelationships16 9AverageReturnonEquity,State-OwnedEnterprisesversusPrivateFirms,2010–201817 10IllustrativeExampleCashFlowsforLoss-MakingState-OwnedEnterprise18 11ImplicitSubsidies,2010–201818 Box FiscalRiskManagementReforminArmeniaandthePhilippines23 iv Foreword T heAsiaandPacificregioniscommittedtoaclimate-resilientandsustainableeconomicfutureevenasitgrappleswithfiscalanddebtpressuresfollowingthevastincreaseofpublicexpendituretodriveeconomicrecoverywiththecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemic.TheRussian invasionofUkraineexacerbatesthesefiscalanddebtconcernsassanctionsonexportsandsupplychaindisruptionsfromBlackSeaportsseverelyimpacttheexportofenergyandfoodfromUkraineandtheRussianFederation.TheAsianDevelopmentOutlookoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)showsBrentcrudeoilspotpricesincreased64.3%fromJune2021toJune2022.1TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)FoodPriceIndexreachedahistoricalhighinFebruary2022,rising21%over2021.2Theincreaseinwheatpriceswillaffectcountrieswherewheatisover10%ofthefoodconsumerpriceindexsuchasArmenia,India,Pakistan,thePhilippines,theRepublicofKorea,SriLanka,andTajikistan.TherapidincreaseinenergyandfoodpriceswillcontributetothegrowthofinflationinmostADBdevelopingmembercountries(DMCs)ofaround3.7%in2022,com

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