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March 2025 About ESIG The Energy Systems Integration Group is a nonprofiteducational organization whose mission is to chart the futureof grid transformation and energy systems integration. ESIGdoes this by serving as a trusted and objective convener of theengineering and technical community, providing information,education, and peer-to-peer networking to support energysystems integration and operations. More information isavailable at https://www.esig.energy. ESIG’s Publications Available Online This report is available at https://www.esig.energy/market-evolution-report/. All ESIG publications can be found athttps://www.esig.energy/reports-briefs. Get in Touch To learn more about the topics discussed in this report or for moreinformation about the Energy Systems Integration Group, pleasesend an email to info@esig.energy. Electricity Market Visions to Supporta Reliable and Affordable Electric GridUnder Electricity Decarbonization A Report by the Energy Systems Integration Group’sElectricity Markets Under 100% Clean Electricity Task Force Writing Team Erik Ela,Energy Systems Integration Group, EPRIRobin Hytowitz, Task Force ChairRyan Schoppe, EPRIRob Gramlich, Grid StrategiesKelli Joseph, University of PennsylvaniaJacob Mays, Cornell UniversityDebra Lew, Energy Systems Integration Group Task Force Members William D’haeseleer,KU LeuvenResearch and DevelopmentJoshua Dillon,Pine Gate RenewablesMark Drummond,Independent ElectricitySystem OperatorPengwei Du,Electric Reliability Councilof TexasWill Frazier,encoordBethany Frew,National Renewable EnergyLaboratoryMichael Goggin, Grid StrategiesJim Gonzalez,Southwest Power PoolJessica Greenberg,Enel Green PowerKarl Hausker,World Resources Institute Manoj Kumar Agrawal,Grid Controller of India LimitedMohit Agrawal,NextEra EnergyFarhad Billimoria,Aurora Energy ResearchFrank Berring,SMA AmericaAaron Burdick, Energy andEnvironmental Economics (E3)Scott Burger,Form EnergyConleigh Byers,Harvard UniversityJuan Pablo Carvallo,LawrenceBerkeley National LaboratoryYonghong Chen,National RenewableEnergy LaboratoryPatrick Danner,New York Power Authority Samantha Hoffman,TransAltaHannele Holttinen,Recognis OyJon Jensen,Western ElectricityCoordinating CouncilVijitha Kandamkumarath,Grid Controllerof India LimitedLynn Kiesling,Northwestern UniversityBheshaj Krishnappa,Solar EnergyIndustries AssociationDaniele Lerede,Open Energy TransitionTodd Levin,Argonne National LaboratoryEli Massey,Midcontinent IndependentSystem OperatorJacob Mays,Cornell UniversityMariano Mezzatesta,Bonneville PowerAdministrationMichael Milligan,Milligan GridSolutions, Inc.David Mindham,EDP RenewablesZachary Ming,Energy and EnvironmentalEconomics (E3)Francisco Muñoz,Generadoras de ChilePramila Nirbhavane,New YorkIndependent System OperatorKazuhiko Ogimoto,University of TokyoArne Olson, Energy and EnvironmentalEconomics (E3) Glenda Oskar,U.S. Department of EnergyKaren Palmer,Resources for the FutureMichele Pastor,EnernexCody Phillips,ConnectGenKevin Porter,Exeter AssociatesPramod Kumar Prajapati,Grid Controller of India LimitedMolly Robertson,Resources for the FutureHammad Saleem,Independent ElectricitySystem OperatorMichael Schowalter,Fresh EnergyBrian Sergi,National RenewableEnergy LaboratoryPaul Sotkiewicz,E-Cubed PolicyAssociatesSylvie Spewak,California IndependentSystem OperatorElina Spyrou,Imperial College LondonGord Stephen,National RenewableEnergy LaboratoryMuthu Subramanian,IndependentSystem Operator for New EnglandMichael Tita,Federal Energy RegulatoryCommissionKarin Wadsack,National RenewableEnergy Laboratory This report was developed based upon funding from the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC,Managing and Operating Contractor for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for theU.S. Department of Energy. Suggested Citation Energy Systems Integration Group. 2025.Electricity Market Visions to Support a Reliable andAffordable Electric Grid Under Electricity Decarbonization. Reston, VA. https://www.esig.energy/market-evolution-report/. Disclaimer This report was produced by a task force made up of diverse members with diverse viewpointsand levels of participation. Specific statements may not necessarily represent a consensus amongall participants or the views of participants’ employers. Contents viiExecutive Summary 1Introduction 2Electricity Markets Under Deep Decarbonization:Literature Review and Task Force Workshops2Four Key Principles for Electricity Markets’ Objectives, Todayand in the Future3A Shared View of a Beneficial Design of Future Electricity Markets 5Assumptions About and Characteristics of 100% Clean Electricity Systemsand Their Implications 5The Resource Mix: Pathways to Meet 100% Clean Electricity10Transmission and Other Infrastructure12Reliability on a System with High Levels of Weather-Dependent,Variable, Uncertain, and Inverter-Based Resources13Wholesale Energy Prices and Price Formation withZero-Fuel-Cost Resources14Incorporating Clean Energy Policies as an