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The Pacific Atoll Countries Country Climate and Development Report

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The Pacific Atoll Countries: Climate and Development Report (2024)

Overview

The report focuses on the economic challenges and climate adaptation needs of the Pacific Atoll countries: Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu. These countries face unique challenges due to their remote locations and vulnerability to climate change.

Key Data and Findings

Economic Characteristics

Remote Location: The Pacific Atoll countries are among the most remote in the world.
High Fiscal Deficits: These countries rely heavily on grants to finance their public spending.
Growth: Economic growth has been slightly slower compared to other Pacific Island Countries (PICs).
Poverty Rates: Poverty rates in these countries are relatively high, with significant disparities across different regions.

Climate Challenges

Sea-Level Rise: Projections indicate substantial increases in sea levels over the 21st century, posing a significant threat to infrastructure and livelihoods.
Flood Risk: High percentages of buildings are vulnerable to tidal and storm flooding, particularly in Kiribati and Tuvalu.
Adaptation Costs: Two pathway options for adapting to sea-level rise are estimated, with costs ranging in millions of US dollars.

Climate Commitments

Mitigation and Adaptation: The atoll countries have committed to climate mitigation and adaptation measures, though implementation varies.

Adaptation Options

Physical Adaptation: Options include improving construction standards and protecting coastal fisheries and ecosystems.
Power Sector: Strategies involve preparing for climate-induced changes in the power sector.
Mobility: Preparing for potential climate-induced mobility is crucial.

Revenue Enhancing Options

Fisheries: Increasing revenue through fisheries is critical for future economic stability.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the urgent need for resilient development pathways to address the climate challenges faced by the Pacific Atoll countries. It highlights the importance of dynamic adaptive policy pathways and prioritized actions to achieve climate adaptation goals.

Figure and Table References

Figures 1.1 to 4.5 provide visual insights into various aspects of the climate challenge and adaptation efforts.
Tables 3.1 to 3.5 detail the costs and potential adaptation options.

Key Points

Remote Location: High fiscal deficits and slow economic growth are significant challenges.
Climate Threats: Sea-level rise and flood risks are major concerns.
Adaptation Costs: Significant financial resources are needed for adaptation.
Commitments: Countries have made commitments to climate action but require support for implementation.
Dynamic Pathways: Flexible and adaptive strategies are essential for resilience.

Note: The report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the climate and development challenges faced by the Pacific Atoll countries and offers actionable recommendations for addressing these challenges.

The Pacific Atoll Countries Country Climate and Development Report

PublicDisclosureAuthorized EASTASIAPACIFIC PublicDisclosureAuthorized THEPACIFICATOLL RepublicofKiribati•RepublicoftheMarshallIslands•Tuvalu COUNTRIES PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized WorldBankGroup 2024 ©2024TheWorldBankGroup 1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433 Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worldbank.org ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankGroupwithexternalcontributions.“TheWorldBankGroup”referstothelegallyseparateorganizationsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD),theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),theInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),andtheMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA). TheWorldBankGroupdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,reliabilityorcompletenessofthecontentincludedinthiswork,ortheconclusionsorjudgmentsdescribedherein,andacceptsnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyomissionsorerrors(including,withoutlimitation,typographicalerrorsandtechnicalerrors)inthecontentwhatsoeverorforreliancethereon.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartoftheWorldBankGroupconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisvolumedonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheorganizationsoftheWorldBankGroup,theirrespectiveBoardsofExecutiveDirectors,andthegovernmentstheyrepresent. Thecontentsofthisworkareintendedforgeneralinformationalpurposesonlyandarenotintendedtoconstitutelegal,securities,orinvestmentadvice,anopinionregardingtheappropriatenessofanyinvestment,orasolicitationofanytype.SomeoftheorganizationsoftheWorldBankGrouportheiraffiliatesmayhaveaninvestmentin,provideotheradviceorservicesto,orotherwisehaveafinancialinterestin,certainofthecompaniesandpartiesnamedherein. NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofanyoftheorganizationsofTheWorldBankGroup,allofwhicharespecif-icallyreserved. RightsandPermissions Thematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankGroupencouragesdissemi-nationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgivenandallfurtherpermissionsthatmayberequiredforsuchuse(asnotedherein)areacquired.TheWorldBankGroupdoesnotwarrantthatthecontentcontainedinthisworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthirdparties,andacceptsnoresponsibilityorliabilityinthisregard.AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. EASTASIAPACIFIC THEPACIFICATOLLCOUNTRIES COUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORT 2024 03 CONTENTS 62 PacificAtolls&theClimateChallenge EconomicsofFundingResilientDevelopmentPathways ClimateCommitments&Capacities 18 79 PrioritizedActionsforaResilientFuture PathwaystoClimate 31 AdaptationGoals ICOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORT FIGURES FIGURE1.1SatelliteviewofFunafuti,Tuvalu6 FIGURE1.2AerialviewofEbeye,RMI,lookingnorth6 FIGURE1.3Waveandsedimentaryprocessesformandmaintainatollislands6 FIGURE1.4PacificAtollcountriesareamongthemostremoteintheworld9 FIGURE1.5CostsandpublicspendingarehigherinthePacificAtollcountries9 FIGURE1.6Highfiscaldeficitsarefinancedbygrants10 FIGURE1.7GrowthhasbeenslightlyslowerthaninotherPICs10 FIGURE1.8PacificAtollCountryPovertyRates(PercentofPopulation)12 FIGURE1.9Projectedglobalsea-levelriseinthe21stcentury17 FIGURE2.1Atollcountries’commitmentsinclimatemitigationandadaptation21 FIGURE3.1Percentageofbuildingshitbytidalflooding(left)andstormflooding(right)forTarawa(upper)andKiritimati(lower),Kiribati,atdifferentsealevels34 FIGURE3.2Percentageofbuildingshitbytidalflooding(left)andstormflooding(right)forFunafuti(Tuvalu)fordifferentclimatescenariosin2060and210034 FIGURE3.3Percentageofbuildingshitbytidalflooding(left)andstormflooding(right)forMajuroandEbeye(KwajaleinAtoll)(RMI)atdifferentsealevels35 FIGURE3.4Optionsforadaptationtosea-levelrise36 FIGURE3.5DynamicAdaptivePolicyPathways38 FIGURE3.6IndicativepathwaysforKiribatishowingastepwiseadaptationtosea-levelrise40 FIGURE3.7IndicativepathwaysforTuvalu(top)andRMI(bottom)showingastepwiseadaptationtosea-levelrise42 FIGURE4.1Estimatedaverageannuallossesfromclimate-relatedevents65 FIGURE4.2Estimatedlossesfroma1-in-20yearclimate-relatedevent65 FIGURE4.3Shareofgovernmentrevenuesfromfishingaccessfees (excl.grants,2015-18,Percent)66 FIGURE4.4Estimatedchangeinpurse-seinecatchby2050underRCP4.5andRCP8.5(Percent).66 FIGURE4.5AdaptationFinancinginKiribati,TuvaluandRMI,andBenchmarks(US$percapita)72 FIGURE5.1PrioritizationApproachforPolicyOptions81 BOXES BOX1.1HistoricClimateTrendsinthePacificAtollCountries5 BOX1.2Sea-LevelRise:UncertaintiesandPotentialImpacts14 BOX2.1StreamliningandImprovingEffectivenessofODA28 BOX3.1Physicaladaptationoptions:TheMaldives’experience34 BOX3.2TheDAPPModelingMethodologyandCostEstimates43 BOX4.1EnsuringongoingrightstoExclusiveEconomicZonesiscritical forfuturerevenuestreams75 TABLES

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