World Energy Employment 2023

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energyissues including oil, gas and coal supply anddemand, renewable energy technologies,electricity markets, energy efficiency, access toenergy, demand side management and muchmore. Through its work, the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31member countries,13association countries andbeyond. SpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States IEA member countries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak Republic The European Commissionalso participates in the workof the IEA This publication and any map included herein arewithout prejudice to the status of or sovereigntyover any territory, to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers and boundaries and to thename of any territory, city or area. IEA association countries: ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine Abstract The second edition of theWorld Energy Employment(WEE) reporttracksthe evolutions of the energy workforce from before thepandemic, through the global energy crisis, to today. The reportprovides a comprehensive stock-take of energy employment withestimates of the size and distribution of the labour force acrossregions, sectors, and technologies. The dataset provides granularityon workers along the entire energy value chain, covering fossil fuelsupply,bioenergy,nuclear,low-emissions hydrogen,powergeneration, transmission, distribution, and storage; and key energy-relatedend uses,including vehicle manufacturing and energyefficiencyfor buildings and industry,among other segments.Additionally, WEE 2023 includes for the first time employment datafor the extraction of selected critical minerals, including copper,cobalt, nickel and lithium. labourrepresentatives,educationalandvocationaltraininginstitutions, and other key stakeholders can work in concert to avoidlabour transition risks while ensuring the transition to cleaner sourcesof energy remains people-centred. Thisyear’s report also benchmarks energy employment needsagainst an outlook to 2030 across IEA scenarios, outlining keypolicies that could help countries cultivate and maintain a skilledenergy workforce throughout the energy transition. WEE 2023 explores in depth the risks of skilled labour shortages andhow this may influence the outlook for the industry and includes newanalysison skills,certifications,wages,and job postings.Thefindings signal that the ongoing shifts in energy employment willcontinue and can present both opportunities and risks. With the rightenablingmeasures in place,policy makers,energy companies, Table of contents Solar PV.......................................................................................................65Wind.............................................................................................................67Fossil fuel .................................................................................................... 69Hydropower .................................................................................................72Nuclear.........................................................................................................73Power transmission, distribution, and storage.............................................76 Abstract ............................................................................................................3Executive summary .........................................................................................5Introduction......................................................................................................9Understanding the World Energy Employment report .................................10Overview .........................................................................................................12Global labour markets in 2022 .....................................................................13Total energy employment, 2022 ..................................................................14Energy employment trends ..........................................................................15Road to 2030................................................................................................24Labour and skills ...........................................................................................26Labour and skills shortages .........................................................................27Job vacancy rates ........................................................................................30Occupations and most in demand skills.......................................................36Education pipeline........................................................................................