Sustainable and Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains

SustainableandResponsibleCriticalMineralSupplyChains Guidanceforpolicymakers INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrum ofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits 31membercountries, 13associationcountriesandbeyond. Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea. Source:IEA. InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.org IEAmembercountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanada CzechRepublicDenmarkEstonia FinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuania LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugal SlovakRepublicSpain SwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStates TheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEA IEAassociationcountries: ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingapore SouthAfricaThailandUkraine IEA.CCBY4.0. Abstract Asdemandgrowsforcriticalmineralstosupportcleanenergytechnologydeployment,potentialnewminesandprocessingfacilitieswillputgrowingpressureonpeople,theenvironment,communitiesandIndigenousPeoples.Thisreportexploreshowtheenvironmental,socialandgovernanceimpactsofminingandprocessingoperationscanlimitthecriticalmineralsuppliesneededforcleanenergytransitionsandoutlinesfivekeyrecommendationsforpolicymakerstoensurethatcriticalmineralsupplychainsaresustainableandresponsible.Italsoincludesdeepdivesonsixpriorityareasthathaveimportantimplicationsforsupplysecurity:water,greenhousegasemissions,biodiversity,humanrights,communitiesandcorruption. ThisreportisreleasedalongsideanupdatetotheCriticalMineralsPolicyTracker.The2023updateincludesover200newpolicies,lawsandregulationsandincludesaspecialfocusonpoliciesaimedatenvironmental,socialandgovernanceissues. Acknowledgements ThisreportwaspreparedbytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)OfficeofLegalCounsel(OLC).ThisreportwaspreparedincloseconsultationwithandwiththesupportoftheEnvironmental,SocialandGovernanceTaskForceoftheCriticalMineralsWorkingParty(CMWP).Thereport’sprincipalauthorswereK.C.Michaels,AlexandraHegartyandJoyceRaboca,withamajorcontributionbyTomásdeOliveiraBredariol.OtherIEAcolleagueswhocontributedtothisworkincludeEricBuisson,JulietteDenis-Senez,NoahGipson,LisaShakhnazaryanandSofieUlrix.TimGould,Tae-YoonKimandPascalLaffontprovidedinvaluablecommentsandfeedback.ColleaguesfromtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)CentreforResponsibleBusinessConductalsoprovidedindispensableinputandreview,includingBenjaminKatz,CäcilieLeGallic,LouisMaréchal,KenMenzandEmilyNorton. Valuablecommentsandfeedbackwerereceivedfromexternalexperts,including: CarolineAvanBusinessHumanRightsResourceCentreCassieBoggsMininglawexpert GrantBromhalUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergyOliverBrownUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeElisabethCaesensResourceMatters EllenCareyCirculor AsshetonCarterFairCobaltAlliance BenChalmersTheMiningAssociationofCanada VincenzoConfortiGlencore AidanDavyInternationalCouncilonMiningandMetalsPierreDePascalTheInitiativeforResponsibleMiningAssuranceStefanDebruyneSQM KristiDisneyBrucknerTheInitiativeforResponsibleMiningAssuranceSebastianDunnettUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme JasonFarrOxfam KatieFedosenkoTeckResources SusannahFitzgeraldNaturalResourceGovernanceInstituteAnne-MarieFleuryGlencore DiegoFrancescoMarinEuropeanEnvironmentalBureau GudrunFrankenInstituteforGeosciencesandNaturalResources, Germany IEA.CCBY4.0. CatherineGirardRenault IEA.CCBY4.0. EmilyGreenspanOxfam SolangeHarphamParisPeaceForum DanielHillNaturalResourcesCanada AbigailHunterSAFE FredKabandaAfricanDevelopmentBank SophieLuHSBC CeciliaMatteaTransportandEnvironment FerdinandMaubryTesla SusannahMclarenCobaltInstitute TomMoerenhoutCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyatColumbiaUniversityMarcellaMunroTeckResources ZubeydeOysulSAFE LauraPlatchkovFederalOfficefortheEnvironment,SwitzerlandIsabelleRamdooTheIntergovernmentalForumonMining,Minerals, MetalsandSustainableDevelopment RobinRoelsEURawMaterialsCoalitionYblinRomanEscobarSIRGECoalition SebastianSahlaExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiativeMatthieuSalomonNaturalResourceGovernanceInstitutePayalSampatEarthworks KatherineShapiroNaturalResourcesCanadaVeronikaShimeNationalMiningAssociation MatthewTehAustralianCriticalMineralsOffice JimWormingtonHumanRightsWatch Finally,thanksalsototheIEACommunicationsandDigitalOffice(CDO)fortheirhelpinproducingthepublication,particularlytoJethroMullen(ActingHead),AyaAbuShaqra,PoeliBojorquez,CurtisBrainard,AstridDumond,ClaraValloisandThereseWalsh.ErinCrumeditedthemanuscript. IEA.CCBY4.0. Tableofcontents Executivesummary7 Introduction11 PartI:Leversforpolicyaction17 1.Ensuringrobustregulatoryregimes17 2.Directedpublicspending20 3.Trackingandmonitoringperformance24 4.Maki