加强欧盟与马格里布国家之间的经济合作 ： 阿尔及利亚 ， 摩洛哥和突尼斯

CIDOB Notes Internacionals 249 - April 2021: Enhancing Economic Cooperation Between EU and Maghreb Countries

Introduction: The document discusses the recent shift towards 'nearshoring' strategies in the context of the European Union's (EU) relationship with the Maghreb countries - specifically Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced global supply chains, leading to a reevaluation of offshoring policies and a renewed interest in 'nearshoring', which involves relocating parts of the value chain closer to the EU's immediate neighbors in the region.

Historical Context: The EU's engagement with the Maghreb dates back to colonial times, marked by cooperative efforts initiated by Italy and further expanded through various international conferences and initiatives, including the 5+5 initiative in Rome and Spain's inclusion of all South Mediterranean and EU countries. The report highlights the EU's commitment to maintaining and strengthening economic ties with the Maghreb, particularly in light of security concerns and the need for sustainable, environmentally friendly trade practices.

Cooperation Challenges: Historically, the development of industrial cooperation with Maghreb countries was more challenging due to differing political dynamics and economic policies compared to Germany's approach with Eastern European countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The EU's cooperation strategy with civil society in the Maghreb aimed to balance the need for industrial modernization and integration with the preservation of national sovereignty.

Economic Realities: The Maghreb countries have pursued distinct economic strategies, with Morocco focusing on private sector development and full integration into global trade, while Tunisia and Algeria have sought economic self-sufficiency. Algeria, however, has seen a decline in this pursuit since 2008, diverging from the trend established by its neighbors.

The EU's New Partnership Offer: The EU's renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood aims to reinforce trade, investment, and training links, incorporating new chapters on digital sectors and green transitions. The plan emphasizes support for reducing non-tariff barriers and promoting trilateral cooperation with Israel, Gulf states, and other Arab nations. The digital transformation initiative specifically targets Morocco, Tunisia, and Israel, focusing on cybersecurity and the responsible use of digital technologies in law enforcement.

Migration and Vocational Training: The EU's New Pact on Migration and Asylum suggests innovative approaches to migration, including vocational training, business networking, and circular migration systems. While this concept faces challenges in the Maghreb due to border closures and differing migration patterns, it offers potential solutions for facilitating skilled labor mobility within the region and beyond.

Implications and Future Directions: The report underscores the importance of addressing the perceived reluctance of Maghreb countries to reform and the growing skepticism among the region's population regarding EU policies. It highlights the need for continued dialogue and cooperation, emphasizing the role of civil society in fostering sustainable economic partnerships and addressing the complexities of regional integration, particularly in the context of migration and trade.

Conclusion: The document provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving economic landscape between the EU and the Maghreb, emphasizing the strategic shifts towards nearshoring, the historical context of cooperation, and the challenges and opportunities for future collaboration. It underscores the significance of addressing security concerns, environmental sustainability, and the balanced integration of technology and human resources in shaping the region's economic future.