德国向以色列出售武器（英文）

REPORT ShortStudy GermanArmsExportstoIsrael2003-2023 Berlin,2April2024 TABLEOFCONTENTS 1.Introduction2 2.Summary4 3.Sources9 3.1.MilitaryEquipmentExportReportsbytheGovernmentoftheFederalRepublicofGermany,2003-20229 3.2.AnnualReportsbytheCounciloftheEuropeanUniononExportsofMilitaryTechnologyandEquipment,2003-202212 3.3.StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(SIPRI)12 3.4.UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(UNComtrade)13 3.5.OtherSources14 4.ArmsExportsfromGermanytoIsrael15 4.1ExportLicencesandActualExportsin2023-202415 4.2ExportLicencesandActualExportsbetween2003-202327 5.Bibliography41 6.Contributors52 7.AboutForensis53 8.AppendixA:GermanArmsManufacturingIndustryandConnectionstoIsrael54 9.AppendixB:ArmsExportsDiagrams58 1 1.Introduction Asof29March2024,32,623PalestinianpeoplehavebeenkilledsincethestartofIsrael’smajormilitaryassaultonGazainOctober2023.1Approximately70%ofthosekilledhavebeenwomenandchildren.Atleast75,092Palestinianshavebeeninjured,andthousandsmorearemissing.2Israel’srelentless,indiscriminatebombardmentandsiegeofGazahascreatedanunprecedentedhumanitariancatastrophe,with1.7millionpeopleonthevergeofman-madefamine,astheIsraelimilitaryhasembarkedonunparalleledandcatastrophiclevelsofinfrastructuraldestructionandagriculturaldamage,3andthesystematictargetingoflife-sustainingcivilianstructures,includinghospitalsandhealthcarefacilities,food-providingfacilities,schools,universities,religiousandculturalheritagesites,andhomes.4 AsearlyasNovember2023,agroupofUNexpertswarnedthatIsrael’sactionsbythattimepointedtoa“genocideinthemaking”,5whileon11and12January2024theInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)heldpublichearingsontherequestfortheindicationofprovisionalmeasuressubmittedbySouthAfricainthecaseconcerningtheApplicationoftheConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocideintheGazaStrip(SouthAfricav.Israel)–acasethathasreceivedsupportfrommorethan50statesworldwide.6InlateJanuary,theICJruledthatthereisa“plausible”riskofgenocideofthePalestinianpeopleinGaza.Thisruling,alongsidewithaglobalmobilisationmovement,havesincestartedtohaveaslowbutvisibleeffectontheinternationalarmstransferstoIsrael.Inthepasttwomonths,severalstates,includingBelgium,theNetherlands,Spain,andCanadahavetakenstepstosuspendexportlicencesandhaltmilitaryexportstoIsrael,eitherforspecificweaponsorforall.7InlateFebruary2024,UNexpertsundertheremitoftheOfficeoftheHighCommissioneronHumanRights(OHCHR)statedunequivocallythat“anytransferofweaponsorammunitiontoIsraelthatwouldbeusedinGazaislikelytoviolateinternationalhumanitarianlaw(IHL)andmustceaseimmediately”,addingthat“statesmustaccordinglyrefrainfromtransferringanyweaponorammunition–orpartsforthem–ifitisexpected,giventhefactsorpastpatternsofbehaviour,thattheywouldbeusedtoviolateinternationallaw.”8 1OCHA-OPT,‘HostilitiesintheGazaStripandIsrael-ReportedImpact|Day175’,29March2024. 2Ibid. 3ForensicArchitecture,‘“NoTracesofLife”:Israel’sEcocideinGaza2023-2024’,29March2024. 4UnitedNationsSpecialRapporteurontheOccupiedPalestinianTerritories,‘A/HRC/55/73:ReportoftheSpecialRapporteurontheSituationofHumanRightsinthePalestinianTerritoriesOccupiedsince1967-AdvanceUneditedVersion’,25March2024;Seealso:ForensicArchitecture,‘DestructionofMedicalInfrastructureinGaza’,20December2023;ForensicArchitecture,‘HumanitarianViolence:Israel’sAbuseofPreventativeMeasuresinIts2023-2024GenocidalMilitaryCampaignintheOccupiedGazaStrip’,7March2024. 5OHCHR,‘Gaza:UNexpertscalloninternationalcommunitytopreventgenocideagainstthePalestinianpeople’,16November2023. 6GeraldImray,‘GenocidecaseagainstIsrael:Wheredoestherestoftheworldstandonthemomentousallegations?’APNews,13January2024. 7AlJazeera,‘CanadastopsarmssalestoIsrael:Whoelsehasblockedweaponsexports?’,15February2024. 8OHCHR,‘ArmsExportstoIsraelMustStopImmediately:UNexperts’,23February2024. 2 WhileIsraelholdsasignificantarmsmanufacturingindustry,italsoreliesoninternationalimportsofweapons,weaponsystems,orpartsthereof,tocarryoutitsgenocidalmilitarycampaign.Germanyisoneoftheworld’slargestarmsexporters,oftenlistedamongstthetoptenarmssuppliersworldwide.Forseveralyears,IsraelfiguresamongstthetoprecipientcountriesofGermanarmsexports,9whilethetwostateshavealonghistoryofmilitarycooperation.10 Forensisstudiedpubliclyavailableinformationonpast,11current,andpotentialfutureexportlicencesanddeliveriesofweaponsandmilitaryequipmentfromGermanytoIsrael.Thisinformationhasbeencompiledfromanumberofmonitoringgroupsandopenaccessgovernmentaldata.Sourcesforinformationoninternationalarmstransferarescarce,dataisalwayspartialandincomplete.ThisreportattemptstobringtogetherthisinformationonarmsexportsfromGermanytoIsraelinacomprehensivemanner,aimingtocontributetointernationalcallstostopallarmsexportstoIsrael. Thedatasetsthathavebeencollected,analysed,andconsolidatedthroughoutthecourseofthisresearchcanbemadeavailableuponrequest. 9ArmsTransfersDatabase,StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(SIPRI) 10ChristopherSteinmetz,‘German-IsraeliArmamentsCooperation’BITS,2022. 11Foranalyticalandcomparative