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UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT Beyondplastics Areviewoftrade-relatedpolicymeasuresonnon-plasticsubstitutes Technicalcooperationoutcome Geneva,2024 ©2024,UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsoritsofficialsorMemberStates. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. MentionofanyfirmorlicensedprocessdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations. Photocopiesandreproductionsofexcerptsareallowedwithpropercredits. Thispublicationhasnotbeenformallyedited. UNCTAD/TCS/DITC/INF/2024/4 ii Acknowledgements ThisstudywaspreparedbytheDivisiononInternationalTradeandDevelopmentofUNCTAD,underthesupervisionandguidanceofChantalLineCarpentier,HeadoftheTrade,Environment,ClimateChangeandSustainableDevelopmentBranch.DavidVivas-EuguiandHenriquePaciniofUNCTADledthestudyteam. UNCTADgratefullyacknowledgesthesubstantivecontributionsofLorenzoFormenti,UNCTADConsultant,inthepreparationoftheoverallstudyandthetechnicalinputsofNicoleUnger(LifeCycleAssessmentExpert)forsection3. ThestudybenefitedfromcommentsfromGlenWilson(UNCTAD),DanielRamos(WorldTradeOrganization),MaheshSugathan(ForumonTrade,EnvironmentandtheSDGs(TESS)oftheGenevaGraduateInstitute)andIevaBaršauskaitė(InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD)). ThispaperwastheconsequenceofcooperationbetweenthesustainablemanufacturingandenvironmentalpollutionandoceaneconomyandfisheriesprogrammesofUNCTAD,withthesupportoftheForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOfficeoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandtheGovernmentofPortugal. DesktopformattingwasdonebyRafeDent(UNCTAD)andLiaTostes. Abbreviations EPR Extendedproductresponsibility EPS Expandedpolystyrene EPRC EuropeanPaperRecyclingCouncil FMCGs Fastmovingconsumergoods GHG GreenHouseGas HDPE High-densitypolyethylene IISD InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment INC IntergovernmentalNegotiatingCommitteeonPlasticPollution ITC InternationalTradeCentre LCI LifeCycleInventory LCIA LifeCycleImpactAssessment LDPE Low-densitypolyethylene LDC LeastDevelopedCountry LCA LifeCycleAssessment MSMEs Micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment PET PolyethyleneTerephthalate PFOA Perfluorooctanoicacid PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonicacid SMEP SustainableManufacturingandEnvironmentalPollutionProgramme TESS ForumonTrade,Environment,&theSDG TrPMs Trade-relatedpolicymeasures WTO WorldTradeOrganization WTODPP WTODialogueonPlasticsPollutionandEnvironmentallySustainablePlasticsTrade WTOEDB WTOEnvironmentalDatabase UNCTAD UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme Tableofcontents Executivesummaryvi ChapterI Introduction1 ChapterII Notificationsoftrade-relatedpolicymeasurestoWTO5 Studyscopeandmethodology7 Notificationtrends2009-20217 Commoditiesandmaterialstargetedbynotifiedmeasures9 Typesofmeasuresandnotifyingmembers10 ChapterIII ContentandcoverageofTrade-relatedPolicymeasures13 Environmentalsustainability,health,andsafetyobjectives15 Insightintopolicymeasuresbycommodity/material17 Aluminium21 Ceramics21 Glass22 Agriculturalresidues,seaweedandalgae23 Naturalfibres(cotton,bamboo,jute,wool)24 ChapterIV Themulti-dimensionaltrade-offsofsubstitution27 Environmentalimpactsacrossthemateriallifecycle29 ManagingcomplexitywithLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)32 LCAandtradeinnon-plasticsubstitutes:UNCTADSMEP TradeandPollutionDashboard34 ChapterV Thewayforward37 References41 BeyondPlastics Areviewoftrade-relatedpolicymeasuresonnon-plasticsubstitutes Executivesummary Trade-relatedpolicymeasurestargetingnon-plasticsubstituteshaveproliferatedinrecentyears,impactinginternationaltrade.Thesemeasuresencompassrulesandsupportmechanisms,reflectingincreasedregulatoryfocusonsustainabilityandhealthaspects.MembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)havereportedvariousmeasuresaimedatnon-plasticsubstitutes,includingmaterialslikepaper,glass,andnaturalfibres(suchasbamboo,cotton,jute,andwool).Thesepoliciesestablishregulationsthroughoutthelifecycle,fromrawmaterialsupplytoend-of-life,andtargetproductsandby-productswithhighsubstitutionpotential. Whilenotificationsrelatedtonon-plasticsubstituteshavegrownexponentiallybetween2009and2021,theyremainslowerthanplastic-relatednotificationsbutfasterthanthosewithenvironmentalobjectives.Measuresspanenvironmentalrequirements,technicalstandards,andmarket-basedsupport,withdevelopingcountriesemphasizingtechnicalstandardsanddevelopedeconomies favoringactivesupportmeasuresliketaxconcessionsandgrants. InmultilateralUnitedNationsandWTOdiscussionsonplasticpollution,the“sustainability,safety,andeffectiveness”ofnon-plasticsubstitutesareactivelydebated.Thenotificationtextsdonotcontainspecificationsth