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DNV：2024印度尼西亚镍工业的脱碳报告（英文版）

有色金属2024-05-01Sofia Hazarabedian、Keelan O'Neill、Natasha WittoDNV苏***

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概述

印尼在全球镍产业中扮演着重要角色，拥有超过全球20%的镍储备，并贡献了全球约35%的镍产量。近年来，印尼政府对低品位镍矿出口的限制推动了国内精炼能力的迅速扩张和高附加值产品的出口。然而，这一能源密集型行业的发展高度依赖于本地自备燃煤发电厂，导致了与印尼净零目标和全球电池供应链可持续性不符的排放增加。

本研究旨在探索如何使印尼的镍产业脱碳，并概述实施路径。主要的镍加工途径包括硫化炉电炉（RKEF）工艺（44座工厂）和新兴的高压酸浸出技术（HPAL），分别用于处理褐铁矿和磁铁矿以生产不锈钢用的铁镍合金和用于电动汽车电池的高纯度镍。这些过程均依赖化石燃料，其中RKEF工艺每吨镍金属排放量为54吨等效二氧化碳（tCO2eq），而HPAL工艺为20吨等效二氧化碳（tCO2eq）。实现这两条加工路线的脱碳对于未来可持续镍加工至关重要。

技术解决方案

现有的技术方案可用于支持印尼镍加工设施的脱碳，范围从提高工艺效率到引入绿色能源技术。成本和商业挑战阻碍了广泛采用，因此初期努力应专注于较低门槛的解决方案，如太阳能光伏、电化学电池储能系统（BESS）、抽水蓄能（PHES）和工业热泵。选择的技术取决于能源需求、工厂位置和技术适用性等因素。每个案例都需要定制评估来确定最佳脱碳路径。

案例分析

现有RKEF工厂案例：通过连接电网、开发可再生能源供应并替换煤炭为可持续生物质提供动力，可以减少20年内的排放量达2040千吨二氧化碳（kt-CO2e），相当于每年移除45万辆汽油车。
新建HPAL工厂案例：目标为零直接或电力来源的排放，关键步骤包括热集成、可再生能源系统和替代中和剂。理论上，这将使建设阶段实现零排放，相比之下，传统HPAL工厂由化石燃料驱动，每年排放589千吨二氧化碳（kt-CO2e），相当于每年移除13万辆汽油车。

政策机制

为了激励未来镍加工设施的脱碳努力，关键政策机制包括：

加强自备煤电厂监管，确保为镍加工设施提供可靠可再生能源供应，可能通过工业碳税或交易系统实现。
提供资本融资用于可再生能源发电和低碳精炼技术。
建立绿色镍原产地保证计划。

市场趋势与镍产品应用

市场需求增长与供应短缺预期。
高纯度镍（Ni含量>99.8%）的稀缺性。
Class 1镍产品（用于电池行业）的稳定增长和供需平衡。
不锈钢和电池的应用领域。
温室气体排放（tCO2eq）在产品终用途市场中的考量。
镍加工行业在印尼的现状与清洁未来的展望。

WHITEPAPER DīCARBONIZINGTHīNICKīLINDUSTRYININDONīSIA Leadauthors: Dr.SofiaHazarabedian,HydrogenandCCUS,PerthDr.KeelanO'Neill,HydrogenandCCUS,Perth NatashaWitto,EnergyMarketsandStrategy,Singapore DecarbonizingthenickelindustryinIndonesia CONTīNTS Executivesummary04 Abbreviations05 1.Introduction07 2.NickelsectoroverviewandIndonesiancontext09 2.1Nickelindustryhistoryandfuture09 2.2Indonesiannickelsector11 2.3Nickelprocessingroutesandcarbonfootprint12 2.4Indonesianenergysupplyandabatementoptions16 2.5Greenandlow-carbonenergyoptions18 3.FossilfuelsalternativesassessmentfortheIndonesiannickelindustry24 4.Conceptualdecarbonizationpathways28 4.1Brownfieldcase28 4.2Greenfieldcasestudy30 5.Conclusionsandnextsteps33 References36 -2- īXīCUTIVīSUMMARY īXīCUTIVīSUMMARY Indonesiaisasignificantplayerinthenickelindustry,withover20%ofglobalnickelreserves, andbeingresponsiblefor35%ofglobalnickelproductionwith1milliontonnesofnickeloreprocessedin20233.Inrecentyears,Indonesiangovernmentmeasuresrestrictinglow-gradenickelexportshavestimulatedarapidbuildoutofdomesticrefiningcapacityandhighervalue-addedexports. However,growthinthisenergy-intensiveindustryisstronglysupportedbylocalcaptivecoal-firedpowerplants,leadingtoincreasedemissionsincompatiblewithIndonesia's net-zerogoalsandglobalbatterysupplychainsustainability.Recognizingnickel'sroleindecarbonization,thisstudyexploressolutionstodecarbonizethenickelindustryandoutlinesaroadmapforimplementation. KeynickelprocessingroutesinIndonesiaincludethepyrometallurgicalrotarykilnelectricfurnace(RKEF,44smelters)andemerginghighpressureacidleachingtechnology(HPAL,threeplants).TheRKEFprocessrefinessaproliteoresintoferronickelforstainlesssteel,whileHPALtargetslimoniteorestoproducehigh-puritynickelmainlyusedinelectricvehiclebatteries.Bothroutesrelyonfossilfuels,withRKEFemitting54tCO2eqpertonneofnickelmetalandHPAL20tCO2eq.DecarbonizingbothprocessingroutesiscrucialforthefutureofsustainablenickelprocessinginIndonesia. VarioustechnicalsolutionslargelyalreadyexisttosupportthedecarbonizationofnickelplantsinIndonesia,rangingfromoptimisingprocessefficiencytointroducinggreenenergytechnologies.Costsandassociatedcommercialchallengeshinderwidespreadadoption,andthereforeinitialeffortsnecessarilymustfocusonlow-hangingfruitsolutions.ThesemayincludesolarPV,electrochemicalbatteryenergystoragesystems(BESS),pumpedhydroelectricstorage(PHES),andindustrialheatpumps.Thechoiceoftechnologydepends onfactorslikeenergyrequirements,plantlocation,andtechnologysuitability.Eachcaserequiresatailored assessmenttodeterminetheoptimalpathwayfordecarbonization. Thisstudypresentstwoconceptualcasesillustratingtheroleoftechnologyindecarbonizingnickelprocessingroutes. ThefirstcasefocusesonanexistingRKEFplant,proposingstepssuchasconnectingtotheelectricalgrid,developingrenewablepowersupply,andreplacingcoalwithsustainably-sourcedbiomass.Theseactionscouldpotentiallyreduceemissionsby2040kt-CO2e/yearover20years,equivalenttoremoving450,000gasoline-poweredcarsannually. ThesecondcaseexploresthedevelopmentofagreenfieldHPALplant,aimingforzerodirectorelectricity-basedemissions.Keystepsincludeheatintegration,arenewableenergysystem,andreplacingtheneutralizationagent. Thesemeasurescouldtheoreticallyresultinzeroemissionsfromconstruction,incontrasttoaconventionalHPALplantpoweredbyfossilfuelsemitting589kt-CO2e/year,akintoremoving130,000gasoline-poweredcarsfromtheroad. Regulatoryandpolicymechanismsarecrucialtoincentivizefuturedecarbonizationeffortsinnickelprocessingplantsandseveralconceptsareintroduced: •Enhancingcaptivecoal-firedpowerplant(CFPP)regulationtoensurereliablerenewablesupplyfornickelprocessingfacilities,possiblythroughindustrialcarbontaxationortradingsystems. •Providingcapitalfinancingforrenewablepowergenerationandlow-carbonrefiningtechnologies. •Establishingagreennickelguaranteeoforiginscheme. PROCESSINGROUTE ORE NICKELPRODUCT DECARBONIZATIONPATHWAYEXAMPLEINCLUDES Batteries Efficiencyimprovement,biomass,solarPV,batteries,geothermal,mitigatingprocessemissions Demandwillincreaseandshortageinsupplyexpected 20tonnesofCO2equivalent Class1 >99.8%Ni Limonite underutilized SolarPV,batteries,pumpedhydroelectricstorage,Biochar Stablegrowth,demandandsuppliedbalanced Stainlesssteel 54tonnesofCO2equivalent Class2 15-45%Ni Saprolite High-gradeandscarcityanticipated MARKETTRENDS ENDUSE GHGEMISSIONSPERTONNEOFNiINPRODUCT HydrometallurgicalHPAL PyrometallurgicalRKEF NickelrefiningindustryinIndonesia:currentstateandcleanfuture ABBRīVIATIONS CAPEX Capitalexpenditures CCUS Carboncapture,utilizationandstorage CFPP Coal-firedpowerplant CSP Concentratedsolarpower CST Concentratedsolarthermal EAF Electricarcfurnace EV Electricvehicle GFANZ GlasgowFinancialAllianceforNetZero GHG Greenhousegasemissions HPAL Highpressureacidleaching IBC IndonesianBatteryCorporation IPP Independentpowerprovider JETP JustEnergyTransitionPartnership LCOE Levelizedcostofenergy LCOS Levelizedcostofstorage MEMR/ESDM IndonesianMinistryofEnergyandMineralResources NPI Nickelpigiron O

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