ID4D 全球数集第 2 卷 ： 数认识进展与差距

ID4D GLOBALDATASET2021 Volume2|DigitalIdentificationProgress&Gaps PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorized ©2024InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433 Telephone:202-473-1000;internet:www.worldbank.orgSomerightsreserved ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,completeness,orcurrencyofthedataincludedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibilityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orliabilitywithrespecttotheuseoforfailuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconclusionssetforth.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries. NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved. RightsandPermissions ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.UndertheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicense,youarefreetocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,includingforcommercialpurposes,underthefollowingconditions: Attribution—Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:Metz,A.,Casher,C.,andClark,J.2024.ID4DGlobalDatasetVolume2:DigitalIdentificationProgressandGaps.Washington,DC:WorldBank.License:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGO. Translations—Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorldBanktranslation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation. Adaptations—Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThisisanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank. Third-partycontent—TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoesnotwarrantthattheuseofanythird-party-ownedindividualcomponentorpartcontainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofclaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithyou.Ifyouwishtoreuseacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages. AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. ID4D GLOBALDATASET2021 Volume2|DigitalIdentificationProgress&Gaps AnnaMetzClaireCasherJuliaClark OTHERTITLESINTHEID4DGLOBALDATASET2021SERIES: Volume1:GlobalIDCoverageEstimates Volume3:TrendsinIdentificationforDevelopment CONTENTS ABSTRACT v ABOUTID4D vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii EXECUTIVESUMMARY viii 1.INTRODUCTION 1 Context 1 Purpose 2 ScopeandLimitations 2 2.MEASURINGDIGITALIDCAPABILITY 4 Unpacking“DigitalID” 4 DataandMethodology 7 3.RESULTS&DISCUSSION 12 DigitalData 12 DigitalVerification 13 OnlineDigitalIdentity 14 4.LIMITATIONS 16 5.CONCLUSION 18 REFERENCES 19 APPENDIX1.COUNTRYDATATABLE 21 FIGURES Figure1.NumberofPeopleWithoutAccesstoDigitalIdentificationxii Figure2.EvolutionofIDEcosystems5 Figure3.DigitalCapabilitiesAcrossThreeDimensions7 TABLE Table1.SummaryofDataSourcesbyIndicator8 ABSTRACT Thispaperprovidesasnapshotofthedigitalcapabilitiesofgovernment-recognizedidentification(ID)systemsacrossthreedimensions:(i)digitallystoredrecords;(ii)digitalverificationorauthenticationforin-persontransactions;and(iii)digitalauthenticationforonlinetransactions.Thispaperanddataarepartofathree-volumeseriesthatbeganwiththe2021ID4DGlobalDatasetandseektocontributetoamoreprecisetypologyandunderstandingofglobaltrendsinthedigitalizationofIDsystems.ThisanalysisisbasedonprimarydatacollectionfromIDauthorities(2021–2022),datafromthe2021WorldDevelopmentReport’sGlobalDataRegulationSurvey,anddeskresearch. Thepaperfindsthatinmorethan90percentofcountriesglobally,IDsystemsnowrelyondigitaldata;identificationsystemsacrossatleasttwo-thirdsofcountriesofferatleastabasictypeofdigitalidentityverificationorauthenticationforin-persontransactions;andabout40percenttocountries—primarilyhigh-incomeones—haveadigitalIDecosystemthatenablesfullyremote,secureauthenticationforonlinetransactions.Whencombinedwithdataonthenumberofpeoplewithoutanofficialproofofidentity,thesefindingssuggestthat,inadditiontotheestimated850millionpeoplegloballywhodonothaveofficialidentification,manymoredonothaveofficial,digitallyverifiableidentitycredentialsorcredentialsthatwouldallowthemtosecurelytransa