为绿色转型设计技能政策时，为什么要考虑任务？关于如何识别绿色职业及其所需技能的方法论说明（英）

PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10753 WhyLookatTasksWhenDesigningSkillsPolicyfortheGreenTransition? AMethodologicalNoteonHowtoIdentifyGreenOccupationsandtheSkillsTheyRequire JuliaGranataJosefinaPosadas SocialProtectionandJobsGlobalPracticeApril2024 PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10753 Abstract Thecoexistenceofseveraldefinitionsofgreenjobsandmeasurementinstrumentsgivesroomformismatchesbetweenthoseconceptsandtheirapplicationtoresearchquestions.Thispaperfirstpresentsanorganizingframe-workfortheexistingdefinitions,measurementinstruments,andpolicyframeworks.Itthendelvesintodiscussingtwoappropriateapproachesforidentifyinggreenoccupationstoguideskillsdevelopmentpolicy:thetask-contentandtheskillsapproaches.Intheprocess,itintroducesanovel methodologywithadictionaryofgreentermsforiden-tifyinggreentasksandoccupations.Thismethodology,utilizingtextanalysis,demonstratessuperiorperformancecomparedtothewell-knownO*NETGreenEconomicProjectclassification,particularlyfordevelopingcountries.Lastly,thepaperappliesthismethodologytoIndonesia,amiddle-incomecountry,andutilizesvariousdatasourcestoshowcasetheutilityofthedictionaryandtextanalysisexercise. ThispaperisaproductoftheSocialProtectionandJobsGlobalPractice.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebathttp://www.worldbank.org/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatjposadas@worldbank.organdm.julia.granata@gmail.com. ThePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatesthefindingsofworkinprogresstoencouragetheexchangeofideasaboutdevelopmentissues.Anobjectiveoftheseriesistogetthefindingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentationsarelessthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeam WhyLookatTasksWhenDesigningSkillsPolicyfortheGreenTransition? AMethodologicalNoteonHowtoIdentifyGreenOccupationsandtheSkillsTheyRequire JuliaGranata1andJosefinaPosadas2,3 JELclassification:J21,J24,J62,O33,O53,O57,P18,Q58 Keywords:greenoccupations,greenskills,greenemployment,task-contentapproach,skillsanticipation,O*NET,ISCO-08,textanalysis,language 1LaborEconomistandWorldBankConsultant(m.julia.granata@gmail.com) 2LeadEconomist(jposadas@worldbank.org) 3ThisnotewasfinancedwiththesupportoftheJobsAfterCOVID-19MDTF.WethankWisnuHartoAdiWijoyoforhisexcellentsupportwithpartofthedataanalysis,andpeerreviewersWendyCunningham,ElizabethRuppertBulmer,UlrikeLher,andAchimSchmillenforthecommentsprovided. 1.Motivation Thegreeningoftheeconomy,likeothermega-trends,ischangingtheworldofwork.Identifyingtheoccupationsthatwillbeindemandinthegreeneconomy—oftensimplyreferredtoasgreenjobsorgreenoccupations—andtheskillstheyrequireisparamounttosupportingandenablinganenvironmentallysustainableplanetwhilecontributingtoeconomicdevelopment.Newindustriesthatproduceenvironmentallyfriendlygoodsandservicesforintermediateorfinalconsumptionareemerging.Moreover,thegreeningoftheeconomyrequireshighlypollutingindustriesnotnecessarilytodisappear,buttotransformbyimplementingdifferenttechnologiestobecomemoresustainable.Thiseconomictransformationisimpactingoccupationstovaryingdegrees,anditbecomescriticaltoidentifywhichonesarechangingandwhatskillstheyrequiretomakethegreentransformationpossible. Despitetheimportanceofhavingacommondefinitionofgreenjobstobeusedbyresearchersandpolicymakers,thereiscurrentlynoconsensusonasingleconceptyet,letalonehowtoidentifytheminpractice.Ontheonehand,thereisagreementthatgreenjobsaimtoreduceenvironmentalimpactbybothproducingenvironmentallyfriendlyoutputsandpromotingenvironmentallyfriendlyproductionprocesses.Ontheotherhand,thescopeofwhatgreenjobsshouldencompassvaries.Forsome,adefinitionofgreenjobsshouldincludealljobsthataresomehowassociatedwiththegreeningoftheeconomy,regardlessofwhetherthejobitselfcontributestoreducingtheimpactontheenvironment.Supportersofthisviewincludeallenvironmentallyneutraljobs,thatis,jobsthatdonotharmtheenvironmenteveniftheydonothelptopreserveit.Othersincludewhatisusuallyreferredtoas"greeningjobs"orjobsforagreenereconomyorindirectgreenjobs.Thesearejobsthatdonotdirectlycontributetopreservingtheenvironmentbutmightbein-demandaspartofthegreentransformation.Lastly,someinstitutionsliketheILOaddthe"decentjob"layertothedefinition:agreenjobnotonlyneedsnottodamagetheenvironment,butitalsoneedstopayadequatewagesandprovideworkerprotection. Thelackofconvergencestemsfromtheunfeasibilityoftranslatingtheconceptsintoasinglemeasurementmethodologythatsuitsexistingdata(orcost-effective,collectiblenewdata)anddifferentpolicyquestions.Manypolicymakersprioritizesupportingworkersmovingoutfrombrownjobstoothergre