This FSI Insights report focuses on the regulation of non-bank retail lenders in the digital era. The authors argue that non-bank mortgage lenders, retail lenders, and fintechs are playing an increasingly important role in the financial system, but also pose risks to financial stability. The report calls for consolidated supervision and conglomerate supervision to ensure that these lenders are subject to appropriate regulatory oversight. The authors also highlight the need for regulators to keep pace with technological developments and to adapt their regulatory frameworks accordingly. Overall, the report emphasizes the importance of safeguarding the financial system's "spare tyre" in order to prevent potential systemic risks.