This report assesses Russian capabilities in the Levant and North Africa. The authors, Frederic Wehrey and Andrew S. Weiss, are funded by the Russia Strategic Initiative of U.S. European Command. The report does not represent the views of RSI, U.S. EUCOM, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The authors do not take institutional positions on public policy issues. The report focuses on Syria, Israel, and Lebanon.