可再生能源效益：利用当地小规模水力发电能力（英）

RENEWABLEENERGYBENEFITS LEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITYFORSMALL-SCALEHYDROPOWER ©IRENA2023 Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions.Appropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial. ISBN:978-92-9260-546-9 Citation:IRENA(2023),Renewableenergybenefits:Leveraginglocalcapacityforsmall-scalehydropower,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi. ABOUTIRENA TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfuture,andservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy,inthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.www.irena.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThisreportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofRabiaFerroukhi(Director,IRENAKnowledge,PolicyandFinanceCentre).ItwasauthoredbyCeliaGarcía-Baños(IRENA)andDiptiVaghela(HPNET),andreviewedbyMichaelRenner(IRENA).ThereportbenefitedfromcontributionsbyDivyamNagpalandArslanKhalid(IRENA).StatisticalinformationoncurrentdeploymentwasprovidedbyDennisAkande,ImanAhmedandMilidzaniVikani(IRENA).ImenGherboudj,SibghatUllahandSujanAdhikari(IRENA)contributedwithresourcepotentialdata. ThereportbenefittedfromexternalreviewandvaluableinputsfromMadhusudhanAdhikari(AEPC);SatishGautam(AEPC-UNDP),RobertMatthews(AES);MeherbanKhanandSherzadAliKhan(AKRSP);ArdiNugrahaandSentanuHindrakusuma(AsosiasiHidroBandung);AleydaAmorales,FelixRosales,JoseLuisOlivasFlores,RebeccaLeaf(ATDER-BL);JaimeMuñoz(Asofenix);TonyKalupahana(Enersense);AartiReddy,JorgeNietoJimenez,RanishaBasnet,TarannumSahar(HPNET);BirajGautam,MaheshShrestha,andPremKarki(PEEDA);VishwaBhushanAmatya(ex-PracticalActionNepal),Dr.HediFeibel(SkatConsulting),andBikashPandey(WinrockInternational). DISCLAIMER Thispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentproviders,providesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein. TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Thedesignationsemployed,andthepresentationofmaterialherein,donotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries. 3 RENEWABLEENERGYBENEFITS LEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITYFORSMALL-SCALEHYDROPOWER CONTENTS ABOUTTHEIRENALEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITYSERIES8 KEYFINDINGS10 1.INTRODUCTION12 2.REQUIREMENTSFORSMALL-SCALEHYDROPOWER16 2.1Implementationvaluechain17 2.2Utilisationvaluechain:Productiveenduseofelectricity38 2.3Climateadaptationvaluechain42 3.SOCIO-ECONOMICVALUECREATION:COMMUNITYENTERPRISE,LOCALJOBSANDSOCIALCAPITAL49 3.1Communityenterprisemodels49 3.2Enablinglocalserviceprovidersthroughaffordableandreliableenergyaccess.553.3Climateadaptationvaluechain58 4.CONCLUSIONSANDPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONS62 4.1Opportunitiesforlocalcapacitydevelopmentandjobcreation62 4.2Needforlocalcapacitydevelopment63 REFERENCES66 ANNEXES69 AnnexAClassificationofhydropoweraccordingtocapacity69 AnnexBImplementationvaluechain:Factorsforvariationindurationandcost70 AnnexCRolecategories72 AnnexDTechnicaloverviewandcomponentsofsmall-scalehydropower73 FIGURES Figure1Regionalinstalledandpotentialsmall-scalehydropowercapacities upto1MWin201913 Figure2Overviewandcharacteristicsofsmall-scalehydropower(<1MW)14 Figure3Integrationofhydromini-gridvaluechainsforimplementation,utilisationandclimateadaptation16 Figure4Implementationvaluechainofsmall-scalehydropower17 Figure5Distributionofhumanresourcesrequiredalongthevaluechainforpico, microandminihydroplants18 Figure6Distributionofskillsrequiredforpico,microandminihydroplants19 Figure7Humanresourcesrequiredforprojectfeasibilityactivitiesfora5kW, 50kWand500kWplant,byoccupation22 Figure8Humanresourcesrequiredforplanningandprocurementactivitiesfora5kW, 50kWand500kWplant,byoccupation24 Figure9Humanresourcesrequiredformanufacturingactivitiesfora5kW, 50kWand500kWplant,byoccupation30 Figure10Humanresourcesrequiredforinstallationandconnectionactivitiesfora5kW, 50kWand500kWplant,byoccupation33 Figure11Humanresourcesrequiredforoperationandmaintenanceofa5kW