Introduction to the International Intellectual Property Legal Framework

IntellectualPropertyBenchbook SeriesIntroductionto theInternationalIPLegalFramework IntellectualPropertyBenchbookSeries Serieseditor:JusticeStephenBurley IntroductiontotheInternationalIntellectualPropertyLegalFramework ISBN:978-92-805-3495-5 IntellectualPropertyAdjudicationinthePhilippines ISBN:978-92-805-3497-9 IntellectualPropertyAdjudicationinVietNam ISBN:978-92-805-3499-3 IntellectualPropertyBenchbookSeries IntroductiontotheInternationalIntellectualPropertyLegalFramework Editor:JusticeStephenBurley FederalCourtofAustralia,Sydney,Australia ThisworkislicensedunderCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International. Theuserisallowedtoreproduce,distribute,adapt,translateandpubliclyperformthispublication,includingforcommercialpurposes,withoutexplicitpermission,providedthatthecontentisaccompaniedbyanacknowledgmentthatWIPOisthesourceandthatitisclearlyindicatedifchangesweremadetotheoriginalcontent. Suggestedcitation:WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)(2023).IntroductiontotheInternationalIntellectualPropertyLegalFramework,IntellectualPropertyBenchbookSeries.Geneva:WIPO. DOI:10.34667/tind.47180 Adaptation/translation/derivativesshouldnotcarryanyofficialemblemorlogo,unlesstheyhavebeenapprovedandvalidatedbyWIPO.PleasecontactusviatheWIPOwebsitetoobtainpermission. Foranyderivativework,pleaseincludethefollowingdisclaimer:“TheSecretariatofWIPOassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilitywithregardtothetransformationortranslationoftheoriginalcontent.” WhencontentpublishedbyWIPO,suchasimages,graphics,trademarksorlogos,isattributedtoathird-party,theuserofsuchcontentissolelyresponsibleforclearingtherightswiththerightholder(s). Toviewacopyofthislicense,pleasevisithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 AnydisputearisingunderthislicensethatcannotbesettledamicablyshallbereferredtoarbitrationinaccordancewithArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)theninforce.Thepartiesshallbeboundbyanyarbitrationawardrenderedasaresultofsucharbitrationasthefinaladjudicationofsuchadispute. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofWIPOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ThispublicationisnotintendedtoreflecttheviewsoftheMemberStatesortheWIPOSecretariat. ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWIPOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ©WIPO,2023 Firstpublished2023 WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization34,chemindesColombettes,P.O.Box18CH-1211Geneva20,Switzerland ISBN:978-92-805-3494-8(print) ISBN:978-92-805-3495-5(online) Attribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)Cover:GettyImages/©Natali_Mis, ©Sefakart Contents Foreword6 Editorʹsintroductiontotheseries7 Acknowledgments9 Chapter1Trademark10 1.1Introduction10 1.2Whatisatrademark?10 1.3Internationalsourcesoflaw12 1.4Obtainingregisteredtrademarkprotection12 1.4.1Filingatrademarkapplication13 1.4.2Opposition13 1.4.3Examination13 1.4.4Registrationdurationandrenewal14 1.4.5Appealprocedures14 1.4.6Ror®symbol14 1.5Requirementsforavalidtrademark14 1.5.1Signsthatmayserveastrademarks14 1.5.2Actualoracquireddistinctiveness14 1.5.3Exclusionfromregistrationonothergrounds15 1.5.4Absoluteandrelativegroundsforrefusal15 1.5.5Userequirement16 1.6Rightsconferredbytrademarkregistration16 1.6.1Righttopreventothersfromusingthetrademark16 1.6.2Righttopreventothersfromusingwell-knownmarks16 1.6.3Righttodisposeofthetrademarkasanobjectofproperty17 1.6.3.1Assignment17 1.6.3.2Licensing17 1.6.4Coexistenceagreements17 1.6.5Restrictionsoftheexclusiveright17 1.6.5.1Parallelimports17 1.6.5.2Publicpolicy18 1.7Revocationorinvalidation18 1.8Infringementproceedings18 1.8.1Likelihoodofconfusion19 1.8.1.1Similarityoftrademarks19 1.8.1.2Similarityofgoodsorservices20 1.8.2Counterfeiting20 Chapter2Patents22 2.1Introduction22 2.2Whatisapatent?23 2.2.1Whatisautilitymodel?23 2.3Internationalsourcesoflaw23 2.4Obtainingpatentprotection24 2.4.1Filingapatentapplication24 2.4.2Examination25 2.4.3Oppositionsystems(pre-andpost-grant)25 2.4.4Patentgrantandtermofprotection26 2.4.5Appealprocedures26 42.5Requirementsforavalidpatent27 2.5.1Patentablesubjectmatter27 2.5.2Novelty28 2.5.3Inventivestep(nonobviousness)29 2.5.4Capableofindustrialapplication(utility)30 2.5.5Disclosurerequirementsforavalidpatent30 2.5.6Unityofinvention31 2.6Rightsconferredbypatentprotection31 2.6.1Exclusiverighttoexcludeothersfromexploitingtheprotectedinvention31 2.6.2Assignmentandlicensing31 2.7Revocationorinvalidation32 2.8Infringementproceedings32 2.8.1Elementsofinfringement33 2.8.1.1Prohibitedacts33 2.8.1.2Scopeoftheclaim34 2.8.2Exceptionsandlimitations35 2.8.3Defensestoallegationsofinfringement36 2.8.3.1Invalidity36 2.8.3.2Exhaustionofrightsandparallelimports36 2.8.3.3Compulsorylicensesandgovernmentaluse36 2.9Evidence37 Chapter3Copyright38 3.1Introduction38 3.2Whatarecopyrightandrelatedrights?38