小型模块化反应堆及其潜力

Small ModularReactors andtheir potentialA five-minute guide ContentsWhat are Small Modular Reactors?Small Modular Reactor deployment: Global MarketThe SMR spectrumBenefits and challenges of SMRsWhat needs to be in place for an SMR programme?Cogeneration potential of SMRsData Centres + SMRIndustrial Heat Production + SMRHydrogen & Synthetic Fuels + SMRDesalination + SMRDeployment speed: From development to operationSummary: Small modular reactors and their great potential 356789101112131415 SMRs are compact nuclear reactors designed for flexible, cost-effective energygeneration. They can be manufactured off-site and installed in diverse locations,making them suitable for both electric power and non-electric energy applications,while addressing deployment challenges associated with traditional nuclear plants.This 5-minute guide will explain at a high-level, some of the many and variedopportunities that could be unlocked with SMRs, as well as the key benefits anddeployment challenges.What are Small Modular Reactors? SmallSMRs are smaller in both size and power output than “conventional”nuclear reactors. SMR power outputs range from 1-500MWe(Megawatts electric), but they are typically less than 300MWewhich is ~1/3 the output of a conventional nuclear reactor. Theirsmaller sizes may allow them to be sited at non-traditional locationsopening up opportunities to directly meet the energy needs of agreater range of end users, ranging from industrial applicationsto both national and decentralised grids.ModularSMRs are typically designed as modular units, manufactured infactories and then transported for assembly at the generation site.This method reduces delivery and cost risks by using a standardizeddesign, benefiting from manufacturing efficiencies that ensureconsistent and predictable construction timelines.ReactorsSMRs use proven and controllable nuclear fission. Nuclear fissiondoes not emit greenhouse gases during reactor operation andis a safe and secure means of energy production. The reactorswork by generating heat when heavy elements are split, whichcan then be used directly or converted into electricity. The heatgenerated by SMRs can be at a sufficiently high temperaturesuch that it can also be used by industrial users with high-heat requirements (such as for water desalination, chemicalmanufacturing or green hydrogen production for example).What are Small Modular Reactors (SMR)? Power outputPower efficiencyArea requirementCostLead timeIdaho National Lab, Cleantech Group, SustainableViews The numbers given on the map indicate the parts of the world whereSMRs are already operating, in development, or under considerations.Many nations are actively considering or pursuing nuclear technology,including SMRs, as part of their decarbonisation strategy to achievenet zero.Nuclear power remains a sensitive topic at regional, national, andinternational levels, with supporters and critics worldwide. This globaloverview categorizes nations based on their nuclear developmentstatus and long-term plans, from those with no plans or a moratoriumon nuclear power to those actively pursuing a fleet of SMRs.Small Modular Reactor deployment:Global Market No dataNo plans/moratorium on nuclearConsidering SMR deploymentSMR Construction begunDesigns and/or Site developmentSMR Operating29+4+1+World Nuclear Association, IAEA, World Nuclear News, Science Direct Nuclear reactors have evolved in generations, each improving safety,efficiency, and sustainability. Generation I reactors are typicallybeing decommissioned, while Generation II reactors form the core ofmost national nuclear fleets. Newer Generation III/III+ water-cooledreactors and Generation IV non-water-cooled systems are in variousstages of global development.SMRs fall into two types, those based on modern “Generation-III/III+” technologies or the emerging “Generation-IV” reactors thatuse novel coolants. Each generation comes with their own benefitssuited to certain applications. Gen-III reactors build upon theglobal operational experience of existing nuclear technologies. Theinnovative Gen-IV SMRs have less operational experience, but thefundamental features of the technology have been proven and havewider potential applications.The SMR spectrumImage showing the scale of an SMR compared with a traditional reactorTraditional nuclearenergy plant Small modular reactor Gen-III: Water cooled reactor (WCR)–Most common technology (96% of the globally operating nuclearpower plants are of this type)–Output heat at temperatures ~300ºCGen-IV: High temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)–One commercial system of this type in China but strong historyof GENII advanced gas-cooled reactors–High thermal efficiency and inherent safety features–Output heat at temperatures > 750ºCGen-IV: Fast neutron spectrum reactor (FNR)–Approx. 20 have operated or are currently are operating–Can increase the sustainability of the nuclear fuel cycle and reducethe volume of waste generated.–Output heat