2024清洁氢生产路径报告

REPORT 2024 hydrogeneurope.eu Thisreport has been prepared by the Hydrogen Europe Secretariat;thestatementscontainedhereinreflecttheviewsoftheHydrogenEuropeSecretariatandnotofHydrogenEuropemembers.Itisbeingprovidedforgeneralinformationonly. Theinformation contained in this report is derived from selected public andprivatesources.HydrogenEurope,inprovidingtheinformation,believesthattheinformationit uses comes from reliable sources but does not guarantee theaccuracyor completeness of this information.Hydrogen Europe assumes noobligationto update any information contained herein.That information issubjectto change without notice,and nothing in this document shall beconstruedassuchaguarantee. DISCLAIMER ANDACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thisreport does not constitute technical,investment,legal,tax,or any otheradvice.HydrogenEuropewillnotbeheldliableforanydirectorindirectdamageincurredusing the informationprovidedandwillnotgiveanyindemnities.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyover anyterritory,tothe delimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandthenameofanyterritory,city,orarea. HydrogenEuropewouldliketothankallmembersofHydrogenEuropewhohavecontributedtheirtimeandexpertisetomakingofthisreport. Mainauthors:MatusMuron,GrzegorzPawelec,DanielFraile Picturescopyright:HydrogenEurope(pgs.1,19),Canva(pgs.37,47,58)andJustinJinforHydrogenEurope(pg.68). Tableofcontents Executive summary4Introduction and Methodology151. Water electrolysis192. Reforming with carbon capture373. Methane splitting474. Biowaste-to-hydrogen585. Non-biological waste-to-hydrogen686. Other production pathways777. Policy recommendations90References95 VariouscleanhydrogenproductiontechnologieswillbeneededforsufficientvolumesforNetZeroby2050 •BNEF’sNewEnergyOutlookestimates34Mtand54Mt of clean hydrogen by 2040 and 2050respectivelytoachieveNetZeroinEuropeby2050. •Achievingthose volumes requires a massivescaleupfromaround0.05Mtofcleanhydrogenproductioncapacity via waterelectrolysys inoperationcurrently(June2024). •Whilewater electrolysis has a significant costreductionpotentialandoffersimportantbenefitsfroma wider energy system perspective–includingthe possiblity forcoupling ofthe gasandelectricity sectors-thus supporting anincreasedpenetration of renewable energy intheenergysystem,othertechnologiesbesideswaterelectrolysis can also produce cleanhydrogenandcontributetoachievingNetZeroby2050inEurope.Thisisespeciallycrucialforregionswere supply of renewable energy iseitherscarceorexpensive. •Theseinclude reforming with carbon capture,methanesplitting,biowaste-to-hydrogen,andnon-biologicalwaste-to-hydrogen. •Eachcleanhydrogenproductionpathwayshasitsunique benefits and challenges related toscale,feedstock,GHGintensity,costs,infrastructurerequirements,andregulatorytreatment. Differentproductionpathwaysofferuniquebenefitsfromsectorcouplingtolocallybaseddecarbonisation Mostof the assessed production technologies are available and at or close tocommercialisation Cleanhydrogenproductioncostsarebetween1.7and10.2EUR/kg.Waterelectrolysisismostexpensivepathwaytodaybutpresentslargestcostreductionpotential •Water electrolysis–while best locations withaccesstolow-costelectricitycanpresentastrongbusinesscase,in mostcases,costsaretoohighandFID’s are often conditional on the projectreceiveingsubsidies.However,since costs aremostlydriven byrenewableelectricitycostsandCAPEX–bothofwhichareexpectedtofall,waterelectrolysisalso has the largest cost reductionpotentialamongtheanalysedtechnologies. •Reforming with carbon capture is among themostcostcompetitive,andwithnaturalgascosts(thelargestcostdriver)stillabovepre-warlevels,itscost could fall further.There is howeversignificantuncertainty over CO2 storage andtransportationcosts.Since gas reforming is arelativelymature technologyCAPEX is unlikely tofalldown. •Formethanesplitting,naturalgascostsarealsothelargest cost driver,but solid carbon by-productrevenuesallow toreducethe finalLCOHby34%. •Incaseofbothwaste-to-hydrogentechnologiesCAPEXisthelargestcostdriverandhassignificantpotentialto decrease.The businesscase is alsodrivenby feedstock typecost/revenue,by-productrevenues,and CO2 transportation andstoragecosts,allofwhichareveryprojectspecific.However,limited deployment sofar createscostuncertainty. Allanalysed production pathways can have a substantial positive contributiontowardsclimatechangemitigation •Allofthepathwayscanproducehydrogenwithacarbonintensitybelow3.4kgCO2/kgH2–inlinewithEUsustainablefinancetaxonomyandtheFit-for-55packagedefinitionsoflowcarbonfuels. •Incaseswherethefeedstockiseitherwaste orbiomass,the carbon footprint can even benegativeresultinginnetcarbonremoval. •Onthe other hand however,for some pathwaystheemission intensity can be significant–evenexceedingemissionsfromunabated naturalgasreforming(i.e.grey hydrogen).Example of thisincludewater electrolysisusing fossil-fuel-basedelectricityor reforming of natural gas withoutachievingahigh-enoughca