Education at a Glance 2024

OECD Indicators Education at a Glance2024 OECD INDICATORS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Please cite this publication as:OECD (2024),Education at a Glance 2024: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c00cad36-en. ISBN 978-92-64-78360-7 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-38326-5 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-51425-6 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-70589-0 (epub) Education at a GlanceISSN 1563-051X (print)ISSN 1999-1487 (online) Photo credits:Cover © Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2024 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword Governments are increasingly looking to international comparisons of educationsystemsas they developpolicies to enhance individuals’ social and economic prospects, provide incentives for greaterefficiency inschooling, and help to mobilise resources to meet rising demands. The OECD Directorate for Educationand Skills contributes to these efforts by developing and analysing quantitative, internationally comparableindicators that it publishes annually inEducation at a Glance. Together with OECD policywork, theseindicators assist governments in building more effective and equitable education systems.Beyondgovernment officials,Education at a Glancealso aims to support researchers with datafor further analysisandhelpthe general publicunderstandhow their countries’education systems compare internationally. Education at a Glanceis the product of a long-standing, collaborative effort between OECD governments,the experts and institutions working within the framework of the OECD Indicators of Education Systems(INES) programme, and the OECD Secretariat. It was prepared within the Innovation and MeasuringProgress Division of the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills under the responsibility of Tia Loukkola.The production ofEducation at a Glance 2024wasledby Abel Schumannandcontains statistical andanalytical contributionsfrom Étienne Albiser,Éric Charbonnier,Minne Chu,Darien Dinaro, LeonardoGeretto, Jaione González Yubero,Yanjun Guo, Corinne Heckmann,Janina Jasper,Viktoria Kis,Qi Kuang,Erika Lee, Bernardo Mayorga,Simon Normandeau,Christopher Olivares,GaraRojas González,ÖzgeÖzcan Sahin,Giovanni Maria SemeraroandChoyiWhang.Inputs and advice were provided by OlofBystrom, Lucie Cerna, Katherine Hasset, Thomas Liebig, Edoardo Magalini, Deborah Nusche, AlexanderPick, Marcia Rocha, Samo Varsik and Alina Winter.Administrative support was provided byAmeline Besinand Valérie Forges.Rachel Lindensupportedthe editorial and production process. The development ofthe publication was steered byINESmember countriesthrough the INES Working Party and facilitated bythe INES networks. The members of the various bodies as well as the individual experts who havecontributed to this publication and to the INES programme more general