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Fire Safe Design of Mass Timber Buildings

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Fire Safe Design of Mass Timber Buildings

Contents Disclaimer11 Executive Summary12 Acknowledgments13 1. Introduction14 1.1 Why a timber guide now?141.2 What is the purpose of this guide?141.3 Who is the guide for?151.4 Outcomes of using the guide151.5 Scope and limitations151.6 Deviating from the guide16 2. Glossary17 3. Fire Safe Design of Mass Timber Buildings20 3.1 Fire safety goals203.2 Structural fire resistance203.3 Exposed mass timber structure as a fire hazard213.4 Summary of findings from Arup large scale compartment experiments233.5 Supporting technical information25 4. Design Guidance26 4.1 Types of occupancy and building use264.2 Risk-based methodology framework274.3 Application of the framework on projects294.4 Design guidance36 5. Worked Examples39 5.1 Example 1 – 30m tall office building395.2 Example 2 – 24m tall apartment block42 6. Background to Fire Safety Design Goals 45 6.1 Fire safety goals covered in this guide456.2 Supporting safe evacuation and firefighting access456.3 Limiting fire growth within the compartment486.4 Delivering a suitable period of structural fire resistance546.5 Limiting fire spread beyond the fire compartment59 Appendices A1 - Hazard and consequence-based approach to fire safetyof mass timber buildings62A2 - Introduction to the fire behaviour of mass timber64A3 - Review of compartment fire experiments with protectedand exposed mass timber surfaces83A4 - Large compartment fire experiments - CodeRed130A5 - Influence of compartment size and ventilation openingson fire involving mass timber construction141A6 - Influence of exposed mass timber on external fire spread hazards146 Tables Table 1: Gloassry of selected terms17Table 2: Arup large scale compartment experiments24Table 3: Occupancy types / building uses within the scope of this Guide26Table 4: Occupancy types / building uses within the scope of this Guide28Table 5: Occupant characteristics for different occupancy types29Table 6: Evacuation strategies within and outside the scope of this Guide30Table 7: Building height, evacuation expectations and firefighting tactics32Table 8: Building consequence categories for different building heights and differentoccupancy types33Table 9: Summary of likelihood categories for mass timber construction with differentdesign controls35Table 10: Summary of design guidance - Business use36Table 11: Summary of design guidance - Residential use37Table 12: Summary of design guidance - Education use38Table 13: Design features for example case study #141Table 14: Design features for example case study #244Table 15: Potential outcomes for fire behaviour and duration in a compartment withexposed timber75Table 16: Summary of the 60 fire compartment experiments reviewed86Table 17: Summary of TIMpuls compartment experiments99Table 18: Summary of fully encapsulated compartment experiment results106Table 19: Single surface summary experiments112Table 20: Multiple exposed surfaces122Table 21: Summary of medium scale fire experiments involving mass timberconstruction144 Figures Figure 1: General trendlines of heat release rate (HRR) vs time plots from experimentaldata of ventilation controlled fires within exposed mass timber compartments22Figure 2: CodeRed - Experiment 1 with a fully exposed CLT ceiling24Figure 3: Risk rankings used by this guide28Figure 4: Render of a 30m tall office building39Figure 5: Render of a 24m tall apartment block42Figure 6: Maximum number of timber surfaces exposed within a room51Figure 7: Sketch of different physical states timber undergoes during heating (left), withtypical threshold isotherms (right) for each process. Figure developed from Richter et al.(2021).66Figure 8: Cross-sections through glulam column (left) and beam (right) following fireexperiments showing char layer and reduced cross-sectional area67Figure 9: Cross-section through CLT panel following a fire experiment showing chardepth and residual uncharred timber depth68Figure 10: Reduction in strength parallel to grain for softwoods. Note compressivestrength reduces to 25% of ambient strength at 100ºC (from version of EN 1995-1-2current at the time of publication of this guide)69Figure 11: Reduction in modulus of elasticity parallel to grain for softwoods (from theversion of EN 1995-1-2 current at the time of publication of this guide)69Figure 12: Effect of bond line integrity failure (referred to as delamination in figure) forthe rate of char in a CLT panel: (a) observed bond line integrity failure in a small-scaletest, (b) calculated rate of char of CLT in a real-scale compartment fire experiment70Figure 13: Post ASTM E119 fire tests showing two different CLT panels withand without bond line integrity in fire71Figure 14: Post ASTM E119 fire tests showing two different CLT panels withand without bond line integrity in fire (in section after cutting through panel)72Figure 15: Phases of fire development and decay in non-combustible compartments(BS 7974 (BSI, 2019))73Figure 16: General trendlines of heat release rate (HRR