欧洲的民粹主义 ： 从症状到替代 ？

CIDOB Report #01, titled "Populism in Europe: From Symptom to Alternative?" explores the complex phenomenon of populism across various European countries. The report synthesizes insights from leading scholars and experts in political science, economics, and sociology.

Introduction: The report begins by addressing the contemporary relevance of populism in liberal democracies, particularly noting the shift in generational support for democratic values and the receptiveness of certain populations to authoritarian governance models. It highlights that while older demographics still strongly support democratic principles, younger generations are more skeptical, suggesting a potential erosion of democratic norms. This sets the stage for understanding how populist narratives can resonate in societies that feel disconnected from traditional political systems.

Main Findings:

1. Theoretical Overview: Diego Muro provides an overview of the theoretical approaches to populism, emphasizing the distinction between left-wing and right-wing populism, which is the primary focus of the report.
2. Transnational Diffusion: John Slocum examines the spread of populism across borders, considering how these movements impact multilateral institutions and global trade.
3. Impact on Multilateral Institutions: Jordi Bacaria analyzes the role of populist parties like the Front National in France and UKIP in the UK, both in terms of funding and as a platform for negative projections of their political agendas.
4. Case Studies:
   • The Netherlands: Blanca Garcés-Mascareñas discusses the limitations of the populist party, Geert Wilders' PVV, and the AfD's potential in Germany's upcoming federal elections.
   • France: Moussa Bourekba predicts the potential impact of Marine Le Pen's Front National in the presidential election, and the lasting influence regardless of the outcome.
   • Germany: Eckart Woertz focuses on the pressures populist parties exert on Chancellor Merkel's administration.
   • Poland and Hungary: Dominik Owczarek and Botond Feledy explore the ramifications of populist governance on domestic politics and institutional legitimacy.
   • Romania: Dragoș Dragoman and Camil Ungureanu discuss the historical development of populism in Romania, particularly after the fall of communism.
   • Sweden: Khali El-Ahmad examines the rise of the Swedish Democrats against the backdrop of socioeconomic fault lines in Sweden.
   • Italy: Elena Dal Zotto analyzes the Five Star Movement's (M5S) Eurosceptic populism and its recent outreach to Russia.
   • The United Kingdom: Pol Morillas assesses the role of UKIP in the Brexit referendum, highlighting its impact on the UK's departure from the EU.

Key Challenges for Liberal Democracies: The report underscores the real challenges posed by populism to the core principles of liberal democracies, including the erosion of democratic norms, the impact on the legitimacy of institutions, and the potential for a shift towards authoritarian governance models. It concludes by affirming that while the challenges are significant, there is a need for collaborative research and policy solutions to navigate these complexities effectively.