2024年阿拉伯可持续发展报告

ArabSustainableDevelopmentReport2024 ©2024UnitedNations Allrightsreservedworldwide RequeststoreproduceexcerptsortophotocopyshouldbeaddressedtotheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsia(ESCWA),UnitedNationsHouse,RiadElSolhSquare,P.O.Box:11-8575,Beirut,Lebanon. Allotherqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldalsobeaddressedtoESCWA.E-mail:publications-escwa@un.org;website:www.unescwa.org UnitedNationspublicationissuedbyESCWA. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. MentionofcommercialnamesandproductsdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.Referenceshave,whereverpossible,beenverified. Referencestodollars($)aretoUnitedStatesdollars,unlessotherwisestated. SymbolsoftheUnitedNationsdocumentsarecomposedofcapitalletterscombinedwithfigures.MentionofsuchasymbolindicatesareferencetoaUnitedNationsdocument. TheopinionsexpressedinthistechnicalmaterialarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNations. E/ESCWA/CL5.SDGS/2024/1 Foreword Foreword ThepreviouseditionoftheArabSustainableDevelopmentReport(ASDR2020)cameoutinthespringof2020,justastheArabregionandtheworldwereplungedintothedevastationoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Priortothispoint,theregionwasalreadylagginginprogressontheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)and structuraltransformativeshiftsacrossthedifferentdimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentweremuchneeded.Withthepandemic,effortsandenergiesweremobilizedacrossArabcountriestoreduce itsimpactsonlives,livelihoodsandtheeconomy.TheimpactsonsustainabledevelopmentandSDGprogressweresignificantlyadverseandcountriesarestillreelingtodayfromtheshockssufferedbyeconomiesandhealthandeducationsystems. TheoutbreakofwarbetweentheRussianFederationandUkrainefurtherexacerbatedthiscrisis,sharplyimpactingglobalsupplychainsand,ofparticularimportancefortheArabregion, foodsecurity.Asamajorimporteroffoodstaples,andwithathirdofitscountriesexperiencingconflict,theregionisparticularlyvulnerabletopricefluctuationsandfoodshortages.Theregionisalsohighlyvulnerabletorisingtemperaturesandwaterscarcity,andincreasinglysuffersfromdroughts,sandstormsandothernaturaldisasters.WiththeclimatecrisisdisproportionatelyaffectingtheArabregion,theimpactoftheseconcurrentshockshasbeenmagnified. Understandably,theeffortsofmostArabGovernmentsfocusedonrespondingtothecrises,strengtheningtheirlevelsofresilienceandminimizingthevulnerabilityofeconomies –particularlyinlightoflong-standingstructuraleconomicchallenges.Issuesofparticularconcernweretheextenttowhichhealthandeducationservicesanddigitalinfrastructurecouldhandlethechallenge;theimpactsoneconomicdiversificationagendas;andtheimplicationsformiddle- incomeeconomiesthathavegrownincreasinglyconcentratedintheservicessector.TheneedtoscaleupmanufacturingcapacityandacceleratetheintegrationofArabeconomiesintoglobalandregionalsupplychainsbecamemorepressing. Regionaleconomicintegrationre-emergedascriticalnotonlyinthecontextoftrade,butalsodigitalconnectivity,healthservices,foodsecurityandotherkeyareas. Muchattentionwasrightlygiventothestateofsocialprotectionprogrammesandtheirabilitytoshieldvulnerablepopulationsfromshocks.Newvulnerabilitieswereemergingagainstabackdropofashrinkingmiddleclassandrisingwealthinequalityinthevastmajorityofcountries. Inlightofthesemultiplecrises,theimportanceofthepublicsectorre-mergedastheprimaryguarantorofeconomicandsocialrights. Akeylessonlearnedfromthisperiodisthat publicinstitutionscontinuetobethecoreactorcapableofdrivingarights-based,sustainableandinclusivedevelopmentagenda.Thisis nottodownplaytheimportanceofawhole-of-societyapproachtotheachievementoftheSDGs.Indeed,onlyarobustprivatesectorcancreatethedecentjobsneededforthe26per centoftheregion’syoungwomenandmenwhoareunemployed.Theprivatesectormustleadinshiftingpracticestowardsmoresustainableproductionthatprotectsthehealthoftheplanetanditspeople.Avibrantandfreecivilsocietyis thecornerstoneofdemocraticsocietiesthatholdGovernmentstoaccount,empowercitizens,andadvocatefortherightsofall. However,asthesecriseshaveunderscored,itisthepolicies,laws,frameworksand mechanismsinplacethatultimatelydeterminetheregion’sresilienceorlackthereof. Accordingly,policydirectionstakenupbyStatesneedtobere-examined,strengthened,changed,orintroducedtoensurethatArabsocietiescanwithstandshocks,anticipaterisks,andprotectourpeople,economies andenvironment.Theregion’schosenpolicydirectionswillimpacttheabilitytocoordinateeffectivelyforchangeatthegloballevel,especiallywhenitcomestothestructuralinequalitiesoftheglobalfinancialarchitectureandmanagingtheclimatecrisis. Againstthisbackground,ASDR2024analysesthepolicydirectionsadoptedbythe22ArabcountriestowardsachievingtheSDGs.Itexaminesthemainpolicydirectionsattheregionalandsub-regionallevels,allowingthereadertoseeinonereportfo