Social innovation approaches to tackle labour exploitation and promote decent work
▶Socialinnovationapproachestotacklelabourexploitationandpromotedecentworkinagriculture PreliminaryanalysisconductedfortheILObytheEuropeanResearchInstituteonCooperativeandSocialEnterprises(EURICSE) Thisanalysisisaproductoftheproject“Supporttostrengtheningtheinter-institutionalgovernanceinthefieldoflabourexploitationinItaly”thatisco-fundedbytheEuropeanUnionviatheStructuralReformSupportServiceandimplementedbytheOfficeforItalyandSanMarinooftheInternationalLabourOrganization,incooperationwiththeEuropeanCommission.TheviewsexpressedinthisanalysisdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheEuropeanCommissionortheInternationalLabourOffice. Co-fundedbytheEuropeanUnion ▶Socialinnovationapproachestotacklelabourexploitationandpromotedecentworkinagriculture PreliminaryanalysisconductedfortheILObytheEuropeanResearchInstituteonCooperativeandSocialEnterprises(EURICSE) ▶Tableofcontents Introduction1 ▶1Definingsocialinnovation5 1.1Partnershipsandcollaborativeapproaches8 1.2Thedebateonsocialinnovation11 1.3DesignanddeliveryofSIprogrammesandservices13 ▶2Socialinnovationapproachestoaddresslabourexploitationandpromotedecentworkinagriculture15 2.1Public–privatepartnershipsandtheengagementofSSEEs15 2.2CooperationbetweenSSEEsandmainstreamenterprises19 2.3Promotingdecentworkandsocialinclusion19 ▶3Casestudies29 ▶4Conclusions41 References43 Annex—Listofsocialinnovationdefinitionsfromtheliteraturereview49 iv▶Tableofcontents ▶Introduction Theobjectiveofthispaperistoidentify,systematiseanddocumentinnovativemodalitiesforthedevelopment,implementationandfundingofservicesandprogrammestoprotectandfosterthelabourinclusionofvictimsoflabourexploitation. Theworkiscontextualisedandbenchmarkedagainstexistinginternationalandnationalpractices,particularlyintheareaofagriculturalwork,aswellasinrelationtotherecentlyadoptedInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)resolutionconcerningdecentworkandthesocialandsolidarityeconomy(SSE)(2022)1anditsfollow-up.2 Inanumberofcountries,theindustrialisationandconcentrationofagri-foodproductionproces-sesinafew,largefarmshavebeenaccompaniedbythedevelopmentoffoodsupplychains.On-farmlabour-intensiveprocessesrequirealargenumberoftemporaryworkers.Thehard-workingconditionsandlowwagesinproductionprocessesandagriculturemakethesectorlessattractivecomparedtoworkinothersectors,discouragingnative-bornworkersfromengaginginit,especiallyinindustrialcountries.Theshareofmigrantworkersemployedintheagri-foodsystemislargeinmosthigh-incomecountries.3Forexample,attheEuropeanlevel,agriculturehasahighershareofmigrantworkersthanallothersectorscombinedinSpain,ItalyandDenmark.However,itisworthemphasisingthatofficialstatisticsoftenunderestimatetheproportionofmigrantsemployedintheagri-foodsystem,asknowinghowmanyinformalandundocumentedworkersareactuallyinvolvedisdifficult.4 Agriculturalopportunitiesareoftenseasonal,somanyworkersintheagri-foodsectormigratetofollowthem.However,inmanycontexts,farmingrestructuringhaschangedemployment,contributingtoanincreaseinfixed-termcontractsinagriculture.5Migrantworkersoftensufferfromexploitationandalackofdecentworkingconditionsrelatedtowages,workinghours,occupationalsafetyandhealth,socialprotection,contracts,representationandcollectiveaction.6 Arangeofintersectingissues,includinglackofeducationanddocumentation,isolation,poorhousingconditions,restrictivemigrationpoliciesandlackofcoherenceamongemployment,migrationandruralandagriculturepolicies,contributetotriggeringthesevulnerabilities.Insomecases,migrantworkersinagriculturearealsovictimsofirregularformsofintermediationatworkandtrafficking.7Temporarylabourmigrationprogrammes(TLMPs)areusedtorecruitmigrantworkersinhigh-incomecountries.RecoursetoTLMPsisjustifiedonthegroundsthatitproducesatriplewinforhostcoun-tries,migrantsandtheircountriesoforigin.8However,TLMPsprovidemigrantworkerswithlimitedrightsandprotection(comparedwiththerightsofcitizensandlong-termresidentsinthehostcountry),particularlywithregardtofreechoiceofemployment,accesstothewelfarestate,opportunitiesfor 1ILO.2022.Resolutionconcerningdecentworkandthesocialandsolidarityeconomy,ILC.110/ResolutionII 2ILO.2022.Mattersarisingoutoftheworkofthe110thSession(2022)oftheInternationalLabourConferenceFollow-uptotheresolutionconcerningdecentworkandthesocialandsolidarityeconomy,GB.346/INS/3/2 3Martin,P.L.2016.Migrantworkersincommercialagriculture.InternationalLabourOffice,SectoralPoliciesDepart- ment,ConditionsofWorkandEqualityDepartment;Martin,P.2020.Theprosperityparadox:Fewerandmorevul-nerablefarmworkers.OxfordUniversityPress;Popova,N.,Özel,M.H.2018.ILOglobalestimatesoninternationalmigrantworkers:resultsandmethodology.InternationalLabourOffice.https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_652001.pdf 4Natale,F.,Kalantaryan,S.,Scipioni,M.,Alessandrini,A.&Pasa,A.2019.MigrationinEURuralAreas,EUR29779EN, PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion 5Three-yearPlantotacklelabourexploitationandunlawfulrecruitmentinagriculture2020–2022 6ILO.2021.ILOGlobalEstimatesonInternationalMigrantWorkers–Resultsan
