氢能十解

目录 第一解：解锁氢能新纪元............................................................................................1一、氢的历史：从拉瓦锡到拉·库尔..................................................................1二、潮起潮落：从石油危机到气候变化............................................................2（一）美国是第一个将氢能作为国家战略的国家....................................2（二）欧盟作为最早探索氢能应用的地区之一在发展氢能上具备一定的优势............................................................................................................2（三）德国、法国、西班牙、意大利、芬兰等多国相继通过了国家氢能战略............................................................................................................2（四）现阶段，日本已具备了扎实的氢能产业基础，形成了适应产业发展政策制定和修订机制............................................................................3（五）以沙特和阿联酋为代表的中东地区正在积极布局氢能产业........3三、先立后破：“双碳”目标下的新型电力系统................................................4四、能源转型：氢能引领的新型能源系统解题之法........................................5五、氢与甲醇：“氢基”能源的多元化转变........................................................6六、氢能体系：氢能发展的中国贡献................................................................7第二解：氢能的绿色寻踪............................................................................................8一、引言................................................................................................................8二、“绿”氢认证标准............................................................................................8（一）欧盟“可再生氢”（Renewable Hydrogen）定义.............................9（二）日本“低碳氢”（低炭素水素）定义................................................9（三）美国“清洁氢”（Clean Hydrogen）定义..........................................9（四）国际可再生能源署IRENA“绿氢”（Green Hydrogen）定义........9（五）中国“绿氢”定义................................................................................9三、“绿”氨认证标准..........................................................................................10（一）欧盟“可再生氨”（RFNBO）定义.................................................10（二）日本“低碳氨”（低炭素アンモニア）定义..................................11（三）国际绿氢组织“绿氨”（Green ammonia）定义............................11（四）IRENA“可再生氨”（Renewable Ammonia）定义.......................11（五）中国“绿氨”定义..............................................................................11 四、“绿”甲醇认证标准......................................................................................12 （一）国际可再生能源署IRENA“可再生甲醇”Renewable Methanol定义..................................................................................................................12（二）欧盟“可再生甲醇”Renewable Methanol定义...............................13（三）美国“绿色甲醇”Green Methanol定义...........................................13（四）中国“绿色甲醇”定义......................................................................13 五、中国方案助力全球绿色氢基能源标准融合统一......................................14 （一）明确绿氢（氨、醇）标准并纳入认证体系..................................14（二）推进氢市场和碳市场深度融合......................................................14（三）推进绿氢与绿证的耦合发展..........................................................14 第三解：氢基能源制取之谜......................................................................................15 一、绿氢替代趋势逐渐显现..............................................................................15 二、绿氢制取—可再生能源电解水制氢为最成熟的路径..............................15 （一）电解水制氢......................................................................................15（二）光解水制氢......................................................................................20（三）生物质制氢......................................................................................22 第四解：氢基能源流动之旅......................................................................................29 一、氢基能源储存技术......................................................................................29 （一）氢储存技术......................................................................................29（二）液氨存储技术..................................................................................31（三）甲醇存储技术..................................................................................31 二、氢基能源车船运输......................................................................................32 （一）气态长管拖车运氢..........................................................................32（二）液氢车船运输..................................................................................33（三）氨与甲醇车船运输..........................................................................33 （一）天然气管道掺氢运输......................................................................35（二）纯氢管道运输..................................................................................35（三）液氨管道运输..................................................................................35（四）甲醇管道运输..................................................................................36 五、“西氢东输”氢能骨干管网展望..................................................................38 （一）合成氨..............................................................................................40（二）制备甲醇..........................................................................................40（三）石油化工.......................